Irish/Prepositions

The following tables show the most common Irish prepositions, the initial mutations they cause on the following word, and how they combine with personal pronouns. It is based on Standard Irish, the details vary in dialects.

For mutations after a preposition and the singular article "an", the official standard contains two different systems. The tables below include both variants. You can freely choose which one to use, but you should stay consistent and pick only one of them.

• CL: The Córas Lárnach is closer to the dialects in Connacht and Munster (mostly eclipses, but lenites for some prepositions)
• CS: The Córas an tSéimhithe is closer to the dialects in Ulster (only lenites, never eclipses)

The possible mutations on the following word are displayed in the table as follows:

• L: Lenition (séimhiú)
• E: Eclipsis (urú)
• ts: Words that begin with "s" are prefixed with a "t". In the mutated word, the "s" is written only to show the base form of the word, but it is silent (i.e. only "t" is pronounced).
• ts (fem.): Same as above, but only for feminine nouns. Masculine nouns stay unmutated.
• - (d, t): Words beginning with "d" or "t" are not mutated.
• hV: Words that begin with a vowel are prefixed with a "h".

Irish	ag	ar	as	chuig	de	do	faoi
English	at	on	from/out of	to	of/off	to/for	under/about
Special form before vowel sounds	-	-	-	-	d'	d'	-
Mutations without article	-	L	-	-	L	L	L
Form with article	ag an	ar an	as an	chuig an	den	don	faoin
Mutations with article (CL)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	L, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	L, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)
Mutations with article (CS)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)
+ mé	agam	orm	asam	chugam	díom	dom	fúm
+ tú	agat	ort	asat	chugat	díot	duit	fút
+ sé	aige	air	as	chuige	de	dó	faoi
+ sí	aici	uirthi	aisti	chuici	di	dí	fúithi
+ muid/sinn	againn	orainn	asainn	chugainn	dínn	dúinn	fúinn
+ sibh	agaibh	oraibh	asaibh	chugaibh	díbh	daoibh	fúibh
+ siad	acu	orthu	astu	chucu	díobh	dóibh	fúthu

Irish	gan	i	idir	le	ó	roimh	thar	trí
English	without	in	between	with	from	before	over/past	through
Special form before vowel sounds	-	in	-	-	-	-	-	-
Mutations without article	(L)	E	(L)	hV	L	L	L	L
Form with article	gan an	sa, san	idir an	leis an	ón	roimh an	thar an	tríd an
Mutations with article (CL)	-	L, ts (f), - (d, t)	-	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)	E, ts (fem.), - (d, t)
Mutations with article (CS)	-	L, ts, - (d, t)	-	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)	L, ts, - (d, t)
+ mé	-	ionam	-	liom	uaim	romham	tharam	tríom
+ tú	-	ionat	-	leat	uait	romhat	tharat	tríot
+ sé	-	ann	-	leis	uaidh	roimhe	thairis	tríd
+ sí	-	inti	-	léi	uaithi	roimpi	thairti	tríthi
+ muid/sinn	-	ionainn	eadrainn	linn	uainn	romhainn	tharainn	trínn
+ sibh	-	ionaibh	eadraibh	libh	uaibh	romhaibh	tharaibh	tríbh
+ siad	-	iontu	eatarthu	leo	uathu	rompu	thartu	tríothu

External links

• Gramadach na Gaeilge: The prepositions
• Prepositional pronouns in dialects