User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages
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This page will detail the chronological developments of the Celtic languages, with a focus on Goidelic (for now).
From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic
Proto-Indo-European
Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones
| Non-Syllabic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |||
| Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | |||
| Tenuis | *p | *t | *kʲ | *k | *kʷ |
| Voiced | *b | *d | *ɡʲ | *ɡ | *ɡʷ |
| Murmured | *bʱ | *dʱ | *ɡʲʱ | *ɡʱ | *ɡʷʱ |
| Non-Syllabic | Syllabic | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coronal | Postvelar[2][note 1] | Postvelar[3][note 2][note 3] | ||
| Sibilant[4] | *s | |||
| Non-Sibilant | *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ | *ə₁, *ə₂, *ə₃ | ||
| Non-Syllabic[5] | Syllabic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Labial | Coronal | Short Monophthong[6][note 4] | |||||
| Palatal | Labiovelar | Front Unrounded | Back Rounded | |||||||
| Lateral | *l | Lateral[7][note 5] | *l̩ | |||||||
| Rhotic | *r | Rhotic[7][note 5] | *r̩ | |||||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | Nasal[7][note 5] | *m̩ | *n̩ | |||||
| Semivowel | *j | *w | Close | *i | *u | |||||
Syllabic Phonemes
To do
Onset Clusters
The following onset clusters[8] are possible in PIE phonotactics:
Plosive Initial
- plosive + sonorant
- e.g. *pro "forward"; *pneu- "breath"; *tjegʷ- "revere"; *dlegʱ- "engage oneself"; *dʱwer- "door"; *gʲneh₃- "know"; *kʷrei- "buy"; *gʷjeh₃- "live"
- voiceless labial plosive + voicless coronal plosive
- e.g. *pter- "wing"
- voiceless coronal plosive + voiceless dorsal plosive
- e.g. *tkʲei- "settle"
- voiceless labial plosive + sibilant + voiceless coronal plosive
- e.g. *pster- "sneeze"
Sibilant Initial
- sibilant + sonorant
- e.g. *sreu- "flow"; *sjuh- "sew"
- sibilant + plosive
- e.g. *spend- "pour a libation"; *skʲeh₂i- "shadow"
- sibilant + postvelar
- e.g. *sh₂eh₁-i- "bind"
Postvelar Initial
- postvelar + sonorant
- e.g. *h₁leudʱ- "go"; *h₁jeh₁- "throw"; *h₂wes- "spend the night"; *h₂ner- "man"; *h₃meigʲʱ- "urinate"; *h₃regʲ- "stretch out the hands"
- postvelar + plosive
- e.g. *h₃bʱel- "be of use"
- postvelar + sibilant
- e.g. *h₁sih₁- "be" (optative pl. stem)
Sonorant Initial
- labial sonorant + coronal sonorant
- e.g. *mleuh₂- "speak"; *mregʲʱu- "short"; *mneh₂- "be mindful"; *wleikʷ- "flowing, liquid"; *wreh₂d- "branch, root"
Developments from Proto-Celtic
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Gaulish
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Celtiberian
To do
From Proto-Celtic to Insular Celtic
To do
Developments from Insular Celtic
To do
From Insular Celtic to Common Brittonic
To do
From Insular Celtic to Primitive Irish
To do
Developments in Goidelic
To do
From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish
To do
Notes
- ↑ *h covers all potential non-syllabic postvelars.
- ↑ *ə covers all potential syllabic postvelars.
- ↑ The syllabic postvelars are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.
- ↑ These vowels are allophonic to their non-syllabic semivowel counterparts.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.
Bibliography
- Fortson IV, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
- McCone, K. (1996). "Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change". Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, Saint Patrick’s College.
- Stifter, David (2006). Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners. Syracuse University Press.
- Thurneysen, R. (1946; 2003 reprint). A Grammar of Old Irish: Translated from the German by D.A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, with supplement. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
