Irish/Déise Irish

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The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish

Morphosyntax

Prepositions

Prepositional Pronouns

Prepositions and their prepositional pronouns
Preposition 1st Sg. 2nd Sg. 3rd Masc Sg. 3rd Fem Sg. 1st Pl. 2nd Pl. 3rd Pl.
aige [note 1] [note 2] agam agat aige aici againn agaibh acu
ar [note 3] [note 4] orm [note 5] ort air uirthi or uirthí eirinn [note 6] or orthainn or orainn oraibh [note 7] ora [note 8] or ortha
as asam asat as aiste asainn asaibh asta
chún chúm chút chuige chúithe chúinn chúibh chútha
de or dhe [note 9] díom or dhíom díot or dhíot de or dhe di or dhi dínn or dhínn díbh or dhíbh díobh or dhíobh
do or dho [note 9] dom or dhom [note 10] doit or dhoit do or dho [note 11] di or dhi [note 12] dúinn or dhúinn díbh or dhíbh dóibh or dhóibh
fé fúm fút fé or féig or féighe fúithi fúinn [note 13] fúibh [note 13] fútha
i [note 14] ionam [note 15] ionat [note 16] ann [note 17] inti ionainn [note 18] ionaibh [note 19] iontu or annta
idir [note 20]b[note 21] - - - - eadarainn eadaraibh eatarra
le or lé liom leat leis léithe or léi linn libh leotha or leo
ó bhuam or bhuaim or uam or uaim bhuait or uait bhuaidh or uaidh bhuaithe or uaithe bhuainn or uainn bhuaibh or uaibh bhuatha or uatha
roimh (roi) or roimhigh (roig) or roimhe romham (rúm) romhat (rút) roimhigh (roig) or roimhe rúimpe or roimpe romhainn (rúinn) romhaibh (rúibh) rúmpa or rompa
thar or thear thorm or thearm thorat or thearat theiris or thairis or theairis or thiris thóirste or thóiste thorainn or thearainn or theirinn or thirinn thoraibh or thearaibh thórsta or thósta
trí tríom tríot tríd tríthe trínn tríbh tríotha
um [note 22] iomam or umam iomat or umat imigh or uimigh ímpe or oimpe iomainn or umainn iomaibh or umaibh iompa or umpa


Initial Mutations

Initial Mutations of Nouns

Following Simple Prepositions [note 23]

Without the Article
Lenition

The following simple prepositions cause lenition: [note 24]

  • ar
  • de
  • do
  • fé
  • idir
  • mar
  • ó
  • thear [note 25]
  • trí
  • um
Eclipsis

The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis:

h-Prothesis

The following simple prepositions cause h-prothesis:

No Mutation

The following simple prepositions cause no mutation:

  • aige
  • as [note 28]
  • go dtí, dtí
  • roimh, roimhig
With the Singular Article [3]

Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.

Simple Preposition and Article Combinations

The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:

  • aige ‘n,
  • ar an,
  • as an,
  • de ‘n,
  • do ‘n,
  • fé ‘n,
  • ó ‘n,
  • roimh ‘n,
  • (go) dtí ‘n,
  • leis an,
  • thear an,
  • tríd an,
  • and ins an.
Lenition

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:

  • b to bh,
  • p to ph,
  • g to gh,
  • c to ch,
  • and s to ts. [note 29]
Eclipsis

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:

  • b to mb,
  • p to bp,
  • g to ng,
  • c to gc,
  • and f to bhf.
No Mutation

Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns[note 30] are not affected by mutation:

  • d,
  • t,
  • m,
  • n,
  • l,
  • r
  • or h.
Contributing Factors

The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:

  • The form of the preposition when used with the article,[note 31] whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
  • The initial consonant of the noun:
General Rules
  1. b, g and f undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
  2. s, only in the case of feminine nouns[note 29], undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
  3. p and c undergo lenition following ins a’ (or sa).
  4. p and c undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
  5. p and c undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.
Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article
Noun Initial
b g f p c s [note 29]
aige ‘n E E E L L L
de ‘n E E E L L L
do ‘n E E E L L L
fé ‘n E E E L L L
ó ‘n E E E L L L
roimh ‘n E E E L L L
dtí ‘n E E E L L L
ar a’ E E E E E L
as a’ E E E E E L
leis a’ E E E E E L
thear a’ E E E E E L
tríd a’ E E E E E L
ins a’ E E E L L L
Deviations to the Rules
  • Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial b and g, but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
  • Contrary to rule #3, ins an (or sa) had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial p and c in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
  • Contrary to rule #5, p has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.

Notes

  1. ↑ The form age is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form aige, but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ag in writing.
  2. ↑ aige can reduce to aig’, ‘ge or ‘g’; aige is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; aig’ is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ‘ge is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ‘g’ is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. aige and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ‘gam, ‘gat, ‘ge, ‘ci, ‘gainn, ‘gaibh and ‘cu.
  3. ↑ The form ar is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form air, but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.
  4. ↑ Unlike aige, the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular rom, and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ‘rt.
  5. ↑ Sometimes reduced to rom.
  6. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘rinn.
  7. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘ribh.
  8. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘ra.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), de and do are indistinguishable. ‘ge, the reduced form of aige, is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of dhe or dho.
  10. ↑ Emphatic form dúmhsa or dhúmhsa.
  11. ↑ Emphatic form dósan or dhósan.
  12. ↑ Emphatic form dísin or dhísin.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of fé.[1]
  14. ↑ In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..
  15. ↑ Often reduced to ‘num. The general emphatic form is numsa.
  16. ↑ The general emphatic form is nutsa.
  17. ↑ The general emphatic form is on.
  18. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘nainn.
  19. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘naibh.
  20. ↑ Often reduced to‘dir.
  21. ↑ idir has no conjugated forms for the singular persons.
  22. ↑ The quality of the initial vowel in the prepositional pronouns depends on the quality of a preceding consonant.
  23. ↑ Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.
  24. ↑ f generally avoids being lenited.
  25. ↑ thear does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.
  26. ↑ Eclipsis of nouns beginning with b have both the m and the b pronounced, e.g. i mBéarla.
  27. ↑ le causes no mutation in South Tipperary.[2]
  28. ↑ as causes lenition in South Tipperary.[2]
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Only affects feminine nouns with initial s; masculine nouns are not mutated.
  30. ↑ Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.
  31. ↑ For example, the preposition le becomes leis when combined with the article.

Bibliography

  • Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV). The National University of Ireland.
  • Breatnach, R. B. (1984). Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
  • Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Wagner, H. (1981). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Wagner, H. (1982). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Ward, A. (1974). The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish. University of Dublin.

References

  1. ↑ Sheehan 1944, p. 24
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228
  3. ↑ Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.
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