Difference between revisions of "Irish/Déise Irish"
From Celtic Languages
Jump to navigationJump to searchm |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish | The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish | ||
= | = Morphosyntax = | ||
== Prepositional Pronouns == | == Prepositions == | ||
=== Prepositional Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 118: | Line 120: | ||
{{#tag:ref|Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of ''fé''.<ref name="S44p24">Sheehan 1944, p. 24</ref>|group="note"|follow="fé pronoun"}} | {{#tag:ref|Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of ''fé''.<ref name="S44p24">Sheehan 1944, p. 24</ref>|group="note"|follow="fé pronoun"}} | ||
= Initial Mutations = | == Initial Mutations == | ||
== Nouns == | === Nouns === | ||
=== Following Simple Prepositions <ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> === | ==== Following Simple Prepositions <ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> ==== | ||
==== Without the Article ==== | ===== Without the Article ===== | ||
===== Lenition ===== | ====== Lenition ====== | ||
The following simple prepositions cause lenition: <ref group="note">''f'' generally avoids being lenited.</ref> | The following simple prepositions cause lenition: <ref group="note">''f'' generally avoids being lenited.</ref> | ||
| Line 141: | Line 143: | ||
* ''um'' | * ''um'' | ||
===== Eclipsis ===== | ====== Eclipsis ====== | ||
The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis: | The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis: | ||
| Line 147: | Line 149: | ||
* ''in'' <ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref> | * ''in'' <ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref> | ||
===== ''h''-Prothesis ===== | ====== ''h''-Prothesis ====== | ||
The following simple prepositions cause ''h''-prothesis: | The following simple prepositions cause ''h''-prothesis: | ||
| Line 156: | Line 158: | ||
{{#tag:ref|''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228">Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228</ref>|group="note"|follow="le mutation"}} | {{#tag:ref|''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228">Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228</ref>|group="note"|follow="le mutation"}} | ||
===== No Mutation ===== | ====== No Mutation ====== | ||
The following simple prepositions cause no mutation: | The following simple prepositions cause no mutation: | ||
| Line 167: | Line 169: | ||
{{#tag:ref|''as'' causes lenition in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228"/>|group="note"|follow="as mutation"}} | {{#tag:ref|''as'' causes lenition in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228"/>|group="note"|follow="as mutation"}} | ||
==== With the Singular Article <ref>Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.</ref> ==== | ===== With the Singular Article <ref>Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.</ref> ===== | ||
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article. | Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article. | ||
===== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ===== | ====== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ====== | ||
The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish: | The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish: | ||
| Line 189: | Line 191: | ||
* and ''ins an''. | * and ''ins an''. | ||
===== Lenition ===== | ====== Lenition ====== | ||
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition: | Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition: | ||
| Line 199: | Line 201: | ||
* and ''s'' to ''ts''. <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref> | * and ''s'' to ''ts''. <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref> | ||
===== Eclipsis ===== | ====== Eclipsis ====== | ||
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis: | Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis: | ||
| Line 209: | Line 211: | ||
* and ''f'' to ''bhf''. | * and ''f'' to ''bhf''. | ||
===== No Mutation ===== | ====== No Mutation ====== | ||
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation: | Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation: | ||
| Line 221: | Line 223: | ||
* or ''h''. | * or ''h''. | ||
===== Contributing Factors ===== | ====== Contributing Factors ====== | ||
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun: | The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun: | ||
| Line 231: | Line 233: | ||
** ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ** ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ||
===== General Rules ===== | ====== General Rules ====== | ||
# ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations. | # ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations. | ||
| Line 356: | Line 358: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===== Deviations to the Rules ===== | ====== Deviations to the Rules ====== | ||
* Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead. | * Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead. | ||
Revision as of 02:35, 22 January 2022
The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish
Morphosyntax
Prepositions
Prepositional Pronouns
| Preposition | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Masc Sg. | 3rd Fem Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| age [note 1] [note 2] | agam | agat | aige | aici | againn | agaibh | acu |
| ar [note 3] [note 4] | orm or rom | ort | air | uirthi or uirthí | eirinn or orthainn or orainn or ring | oraibh or ribh | ora or ortha or ra |
| as | asam | asat | as | aiste | asainn | asaibh | asta |
| chún | chúm | chút | chuige | chúithe | chúinn | chúibh | chútha |
| de or dhe [note 5] | díom or dhíom | díot or dhíot | de or dhe | di or dhi | dínn or dhínn | díbh or dhíbh | díobhor dhíobh |
| do or dho [note 5] | dom or dhom [note 6] | doit or dhoit | do or dho [note 7] | di or dhi [note 8] | dúinn or dhúinn | díbh or dhíbh | dóibh or dhóibh |
| fé | fúm | fút | fé or féig or féighe | fúithi | fúinn [note 9] | fúibh [note 9] | fútha |
| i [note 10] | ionam [note 11] | ionat [note 12] | ann [note 13] | inti | ionainn [note 14] | ionaibh [note 15] | iontu or annta |
| idir [note 16] | eadarainn | eadaraibh | eatarra | ||||
| le or lé | liom | leat | leis | léithe or léi | linn | libh | leotha or leo |
| ó | bhuam or bhuaim or uam or uaim | bhuait or uait | bhuaidh or uaidh | bhuaithe or uaithe | bhuainn or uainn | bhuaibh or uaibh | bhuatha or uatha |
Initial Mutations
Nouns
Following Simple Prepositions [note 17]
Without the Article
Lenition
The following simple prepositions cause lenition: [note 18]
- ar
- de
- do
- fé
- idir
- mar
- ó
- thear [note 19]
- trí
- um
Eclipsis
The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis:
- in [note 20]
h-Prothesis
The following simple prepositions cause h-prothesis:
- le [note 21]
- go
No Mutation
The following simple prepositions cause no mutation:
- age
- as [note 22]
- go dtí, dtí
- roimh, roimhig
With the Singular Article [3]
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.
Simple Preposition and Article Combinations
The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:
- age ‘n,
- ar an,
- as an,
- de ‘n,
- do ‘n,
- fé ‘n,
- ó ‘n,
- roimh ‘n,
- (go) dtí ‘n,
- leis an,
- thear an,
- tríd an,
- and ins an.
Lenition
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:
- b to bh,
- p to ph,
- g to gh,
- c to ch,
- and s to ts. [note 23]
Eclipsis
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:
- b to mb,
- p to bp,
- g to ng,
- c to gc,
- and f to bhf.
No Mutation
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns[note 24] are not affected by mutation:
- d,
- t,
- m,
- n,
- l,
- r
- or h.
Contributing Factors
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:
- The form of the preposition when used with the article,[note 25] whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
- The initial consonant of the noun:
- b, g or f
- p or c
- s [note 23]
General Rules
- b, g and f undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
- s, only in the case of feminine nouns[note 23], undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
- p and c undergo lenition following ins a’ (or sa).
- p and c undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
- p and c undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.
| Noun Initial | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | g | f | p | c | s [note 23] | |
| age ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| de ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| do ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| fé ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ó ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| roimh ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| dtí ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ar a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| as a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| leis a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| thear a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| tríd a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| ins a’ | E | E | E | L | L | L |
Deviations to the Rules
- Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial b and g, but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
- Contrary to rule #3, ins an (or sa) had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial p and c in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
- Contrary to rule #5, p has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.
Notes
- ↑ The form age is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form aige, but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ag in writing.
- ↑ age can reduce to ag’, ‘ge or ‘g’; age is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; ag’ is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ‘ge is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ‘g’ is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. age and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ‘gam, ‘gat, ‘ge, ‘ci, ‘gainn, ‘gaibh and ‘cu.
- ↑ The form ar is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form air, but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.
- ↑ Unlike age, the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular rom, and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ‘rt.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), de and do are indistinguishable. ‘ge, the reduced form of age, is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of dhe or dho.
- ↑ Emphatic form dúmhsa or dhúmhsa.
- ↑ Emphatic form dósan or dhósan.
- ↑ Emphatic form dísin or dhísin.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of fé.[1]
- ↑ In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..
- ↑ Often reduced to ‘num. The general emphatic form is numsa.
- ↑ The general emphatic form is nutsa.
- ↑ The general emphatic form is on.
- ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘nainn.
- ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘naibh.
- ↑ Often reduced to‘dir.
- ↑ Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.
- ↑ f generally avoids being lenited.
- ↑ thear does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.
- ↑ Eclipsis of nouns beginning with b have both the m and the b pronounced, e.g. i mBéarla.
- ↑ le causes no mutation in South Tipperary.[2]
- ↑ as causes lenition in South Tipperary.[2]
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Only affects feminine nouns with initial s; masculine nouns are not mutated.
- ↑ Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.
- ↑ For example, the preposition le becomes leis when combined with the article.
Bibliography
- Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV). The National University of Ireland.
- Breatnach, R. B. (1984). Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
- Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Wagner, H. (1981). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Wagner, H. (1982). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- Ward, A. (1974). The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish. University of Dublin.
