Difference between revisions of "Irish/Déise Irish/Déise Function Words"
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The pronouns are: | The pronouns are: | ||
* 1sg. ''me'' | * 1sg. ''me'' (std. ''mé'') | ||
* 2sg. ''tu'' | * 2sg. ''tu'' (std. ''tú'') | ||
* 3sg. m. ''sé'' <ref group="note">Often pronounced ''*se''.</ref> (conj.), ''é'' (disj.) | * 3sg. m. ''sé'' <ref group="note">Often pronounced ''*se''.</ref> (conj.), ''é'' (disj.) | ||
* 3sg. f. ''sí'' (conj.), ''í'' (disj.) | * 3sg. f. ''sí'' (conj.), ''í'' (disj.) | ||
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* 3sg. f. ''a<sup>H</sup>'' | * 3sg. f. ''a<sup>H</sup>'' | ||
* 1pl. ''ár<sup>N</sup>'' | * 1pl. ''ár<sup>N</sup>'' | ||
* 2pl. ''úr<sup>N</sup>'' | * 2pl. ''úr<sup>N</sup>'' (std. ''bhur'') | ||
* 3pl. ''a<sup>N</sup>'' | * 3pl. ''a<sup>N</sup>'' | ||
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# The form it takes when preceding verbal nouns where it remains as ''ag''. | # The form it takes when preceding verbal nouns where it remains as ''ag''. | ||
== ''Roimh'' == | |||
'' | The prepositional pronouns of ''roimh'': | ||
'' | * 1sg. ''rúmham'' {{IPA|/ruːm/}} (std. ''romham'') | ||
* 2sg. ''rúmhat'' {{IPA|/rũːt/}} (std. ''romhat'') | |||
* '' | * 3sg. m. ''roimhig'' {{IPA|/rãĩɡʲ/}} (std. ''roimhe'') | ||
* '' | * 3sg. f. ''rúimpi'' {{IPA|/ruːmʲpʲə/}} (std. ''roipmi'') | ||
* '' | * 1pl. ''rúmhainn'' {{IPA|/ruːŋʲ/}} (std. ''romhainn'') | ||
* '' | * 2pl. ''rúmhaibh'' {{IPA|/rũːvʲ/}} (std. ''romhaibh'') | ||
* '' | * 3pl. ''rúmpu'' {{IPA|/ruːmpə/}} (std. ''rompu'') | ||
'' | The emphatic prepositional pronouns of ''roimh'': | ||
* '' | |||
* 1sg. ''rúmhamsa'' {{IPA|/ruːmsə/}} (std. ''romhamsa'') | |||
* 2sg. ''rúmhatsa'' {{IPA|/rũːtsə/}} (std. ''romhatsa'') | |||
* 3sg. m. ''roimhigse'' {{IPA|/rãĩɡʲʃə/}} (std. ''roimhise'') | |||
* 3sg. f. ''rúimpise'' {{IPA|/ruːmʲpʲəʃə/}} (std. ''roipmise'') | |||
* 1pl. ''rúmhainnse'' {{IPA|/ruːŋʲʃə/}} (std. ''romhainnse'') | |||
* 2pl. ''rúmhaibhse'' {{IPA|/rũːvʲʃə/}} (std. ''romhaibhse'') | |||
* 3pl. ''rúmpasa'' {{IPA|/ruːmpəsə/}} (std. ''rompasa'') | |||
== ''Um'' == | == ''Um'' == | ||
The prepositional pronouns of ''um'': | |||
* 1sg. ''umam'' {{IPA|/əˈməm/}} | * 1sg. ''umam'' {{IPA|/əˈməm/}} | ||
* 2sg. ''umat'' {{IPA|/əˈmət/}} | * 2sg. ''umat'' {{IPA|/əˈmət/}} | ||
* 3sg. m. ''uimig'' {{IPA|/əˈmʲəɡʲ/}} ( | * 3sg. m. ''uimig'' {{IPA|/əˈmʲəɡʲ/}} (std. ''uime'') | ||
* 3sg. f. ''uímpi'' {{IPA|/iːmʲpʲə/}} ( | * 3sg. f. ''uímpi'' {{IPA|/iːmʲpʲə/}} (std. ''uipmi'') | ||
* 1pl. ''umainn'' {{IPA|/əˈməŋʲ/}} | * 1pl. ''umainn'' {{IPA|/əˈməŋʲ/}} | ||
* 2pl. ''umaibh'' {{IPA|/əˈməvʲ/}} | * 2pl. ''umaibh'' {{IPA|/əˈməvʲ/}} | ||
* 3pl. ''úmpu'' {{IPA|/uːmpə/}} ( | * 3pl. ''úmpu'' {{IPA|/uːmpə/}} (std. ''umpu'') | ||
The emphatic prepositional pronouns of ''um'': | |||
* 1sg. ''umamsa'' {{IPA|/əˈmumsə/}} | * 1sg. ''umamsa'' {{IPA|/əˈmumsə/}} | ||
* 2sg. ''umatsa'' {{IPA|/əˈmutsə/}} | * 2sg. ''umatsa'' {{IPA|/əˈmutsə/}} | ||
* 3sg. m. ''uimigse'' {{IPA|/əˈmʲiɡʲʃə/}} ( | * 3sg. m. ''uimigse'' {{IPA|/əˈmʲiɡʲʃə/}} (std. ''uimise'') | ||
* 3sg. f. ''uímpise'' {{IPA|/iːmʲpʲəʃə/}} ( | * 3sg. f. ''uímpise'' {{IPA|/iːmʲpʲəʃə/}} (std. ''uimpise'') | ||
* 1pl. ''umainnse'' {{IPA|/əˈmiŋʲʃə/}} | * 1pl. ''umainnse'' {{IPA|/əˈmiŋʲʃə/}} | ||
* 2pl. ''umaibhse'' {{IPA|/əˈmivʲʃə/}} | * 2pl. ''umaibhse'' {{IPA|/əˈmivʲʃə/}} | ||
* 3pl. ''úmpasa'' {{IPA|/uːmpəsə/}} ( | * 3pl. ''úmpasa'' {{IPA|/uːmpəsə/}} (std. ''umpasa'') | ||
== Clitic Combinations == | |||
The base prepositional forms that end in a vowel combine with following clitics in a fairly regular way. These prepositions include: | |||
* ''aige'' | |||
* ''de'' | |||
* ''do'' | |||
* ''fé'' | |||
* ''go dtí'' | |||
* ''i'' | |||
* ''le'' | |||
* ''ó'' | |||
* ''roimh'' | |||
* ''trí'' | |||
The clitic combinations generally have the following pattern: | |||
Combinations with the article: | |||
* prep. + ''an'' = prep. '''<nowiki />n'' (e.g. ''roimh 'n'') | |||
* prep. + ''na'' = prep. ''sna'' (e.g. ''go dtí sna'') | |||
Combinations with possessive adjectives: | |||
* prep. + ''mo'' = prep. ''m'<nowiki />'' (e.g. ''ó m'<nowiki />'') | |||
* prep. + ''do'' + vowel = prep. ''t'<nowiki />'' (e.g. ''le t'<nowiki />'') | |||
* prep. + ''do'' + consonant = prep. ''d'<nowiki />'' (e.g. ''trí d'<nowiki />'') | |||
* prep. + ''a'' = prep. ''n-a'' (e.g. ''i n-a'') | |||
* prep. + ''ár'' = prep. ''n-ár'' (e.g. ''aige n-ár'') | |||
* prep. + ''úr'' = prep. ''n-úr'' (e.g. ''do n-úr'') | |||
Combined with the numeral particle: | |||
* prep. + ''a'' = prep. ''n-a'' (e.g. ''fé n-a'') | |||
Exceptionally, ''i'', ''le'' and ''trí'' give the following unique combinations with the article: | |||
* ''i'' + ''an'' + consonant = ''sa'' <ref group="note">Sometimes ''in sa'', which is interchangeable with ''sa''.</ref> | |||
* ''i'' + ''an'' + vowel = ''san'' <ref group="note">Sometimes ''in san'', which is interchangeable with ''san''.</ref> | |||
* ''i'' + ''na'' = ''sna'' <ref group="note">Sometimes ''in sna'', which is interchangeable ''sna''.</ref> | |||
* ''le'' + ''an'' = ''leis an'' | |||
* ''le'' + ''na'' = ''leis na'' | |||
* ''trí'' + ''an'' = ''tríd an'' | |||
'''Reference Material:''' | |||
Most of this information can be referred to in ''SCD2'' pp. xvi-xvii, but also in the relevant preposition sections in ''SCD1'' (especially regarding combinations with the possessive adjective ''do'', whether followed by a vowel or consonant). | |||
= Notes = | = Notes = | ||
Latest revision as of 06:07, 17 November 2022
Temporary text
The Article
Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives
The pronouns are:
- 1sg. me (std. mé)
- 2sg. tu (std. tú)
- 3sg. m. sé [note 1] (conj.), é (disj.)
- 3sg. f. sí (conj.), í (disj.)
- 1pl. sinn
- 2pl. sibh
- 3pl. siad (conj.), iad (disj.)
The possessive adjectives are:
- 1sg. moL, or m' before vowels
- 2sg. doL, or t' before vowels
- 3sg. m. aL
- 3sg. f. aH
- 1pl. árN
- 2pl. úrN (std. bhur)
- 3pl. aN
Prepositions
Ag
Ag has two forms:
- The form it takes in general, where it has been replaced by its conjugated form in the masculine 3rd person singular, aige. [note 2]
- The form it takes when preceding verbal nouns where it remains as ag.
Roimh
The prepositional pronouns of roimh:
- 1sg. rúmham /ruːm/ (std. romham)
- 2sg. rúmhat /rũːt/ (std. romhat)
- 3sg. m. roimhig /rãĩɡʲ/ (std. roimhe)
- 3sg. f. rúimpi /ruːmʲpʲə/ (std. roipmi)
- 1pl. rúmhainn /ruːŋʲ/ (std. romhainn)
- 2pl. rúmhaibh /rũːvʲ/ (std. romhaibh)
- 3pl. rúmpu /ruːmpə/ (std. rompu)
The emphatic prepositional pronouns of roimh:
- 1sg. rúmhamsa /ruːmsə/ (std. romhamsa)
- 2sg. rúmhatsa /rũːtsə/ (std. romhatsa)
- 3sg. m. roimhigse /rãĩɡʲʃə/ (std. roimhise)
- 3sg. f. rúimpise /ruːmʲpʲəʃə/ (std. roipmise)
- 1pl. rúmhainnse /ruːŋʲʃə/ (std. romhainnse)
- 2pl. rúmhaibhse /rũːvʲʃə/ (std. romhaibhse)
- 3pl. rúmpasa /ruːmpəsə/ (std. rompasa)
Um
The prepositional pronouns of um:
- 1sg. umam /əˈməm/
- 2sg. umat /əˈmət/
- 3sg. m. uimig /əˈmʲəɡʲ/ (std. uime)
- 3sg. f. uímpi /iːmʲpʲə/ (std. uipmi)
- 1pl. umainn /əˈməŋʲ/
- 2pl. umaibh /əˈməvʲ/
- 3pl. úmpu /uːmpə/ (std. umpu)
The emphatic prepositional pronouns of um:
- 1sg. umamsa /əˈmumsə/
- 2sg. umatsa /əˈmutsə/
- 3sg. m. uimigse /əˈmʲiɡʲʃə/ (std. uimise)
- 3sg. f. uímpise /iːmʲpʲəʃə/ (std. uimpise)
- 1pl. umainnse /əˈmiŋʲʃə/
- 2pl. umaibhse /əˈmivʲʃə/
- 3pl. úmpasa /uːmpəsə/ (std. umpasa)
Clitic Combinations
The base prepositional forms that end in a vowel combine with following clitics in a fairly regular way. These prepositions include:
- aige
- de
- do
- fé
- go dtí
- i
- le
- ó
- roimh
- trí
The clitic combinations generally have the following pattern:
Combinations with the article:
- prep. + an = prep. 'n (e.g. roimh 'n)
- prep. + na = prep. sna (e.g. go dtí sna)
Combinations with possessive adjectives:
- prep. + mo = prep. m' (e.g. ó m')
- prep. + do + vowel = prep. t' (e.g. le t')
- prep. + do + consonant = prep. d' (e.g. trí d')
- prep. + a = prep. n-a (e.g. i n-a)
- prep. + ár = prep. n-ár (e.g. aige n-ár)
- prep. + úr = prep. n-úr (e.g. do n-úr)
Combined with the numeral particle:
- prep. + a = prep. n-a (e.g. fé n-a)
Exceptionally, i, le and trí give the following unique combinations with the article:
- i + an + consonant = sa [note 3]
- i + an + vowel = san [note 4]
- i + na = sna [note 5]
- le + an = leis an
- le + na = leis na
- trí + an = tríd an
Reference Material:
Most of this information can be referred to in SCD2 pp. xvi-xvii, but also in the relevant preposition sections in SCD1 (especially regarding combinations with the possessive adjective do, whether followed by a vowel or consonant).
Notes
- ↑ Often pronounced *se.
- ↑ Many works may standardise this to ag while a few prefer the written form age (see LMD and SCD2) to distinguish it from the conjugated form aige.
- ↑ Sometimes in sa, which is interchangeable with sa.
- ↑ Sometimes in san, which is interchangeable with san.
- ↑ Sometimes in sna, which is interchangeable sna.
Bibliography
- CSS1 = Ussher, A. (1945). Cainnt an tSean-Shaoghail (second edition). Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
- DD = Ó hAirt, D. (1988). Díolaim Dhéiseach. Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Baile Athá Cliath.
- GRA = Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
- GSMI = Ward, A. (1974). The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish. University of Dublin.
- IDPP = O'Rahilly, T. F. (1988). Irish Dialects Past and Present: with Chapters on Scottish and Manx (1988 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- IMS = Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV). The National University of Ireland.
- LASID1 = Wagner, H. (1981). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- LASID2 = Wagner, H. (1982). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- LMD = Verling, M. (2012). Leabhar Mhaidhc Dháith: Scéalta agus Seanchas ón Rinn (second edition). An Sagart, An Díseart, An Daingean.
- SCD1 = Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
- SCD2 = Breatnach, R. B. (1984). Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
