Difference between revisions of "User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages"

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! colspan="3" | Dorsal
! colspan="3" | Dorsal
|- class="small"
|- class="small"
! Palatal
! Palatovelar
! Velar
! Velar
! Labiovelar
! Labiovelar
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! Coronal
! Coronal
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref><ref group="note">{{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h''}} covers all potential non-syllabic postvelars.</ref>
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref><ref group="note">{{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>H''}} covers all potential non-syllabic postvelars.</ref>
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref><ref group="note">{{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə''}} covers all potential syllabic postvelars.</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic postvelars are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.</ref>
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref><ref group="note">{{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>H̩''}} covers all potential syllabic postvelars.</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic postvelars are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.</ref>
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! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref>
! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref>
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| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₃''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h̩₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h̩₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h̩₃''}}
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Revision as of 17:45, 14 February 2022

This page will detail the chronological developments of the Celtic languages, with a focus on Goidelic (for now).

From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic

Proto-Indo-European

Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones

PIE Plosives[1]
Non-Syllabic
Labial Coronal Dorsal
Palatovelar Velar Labiovelar
Tenuis *p *t *kʲ *k *kʷ
Voiced *b *d *ɡʲ *ɡ *ɡʷ
Murmured *bʱ *dʱ *ɡʲʱ *ɡʱ *ɡʷʱ
PIE Fricatives
Non-Syllabic Syllabic
Coronal Postvelar[2][note 1] Postvelar[3][note 2][note 3]
Sibilant[4] *s
Non-Sibilant *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ *h̩₁, *h̩₂, *h̩₃
PIE Sonorants
Non-Syllabic[5] Syllabic
Labial Coronal Dorsal Labial Coronal Short Monophthong[6][note 4]
Palatal Labiovelar Front Unrounded Back Rounded
Lateral *l Lateral[7][note 5] *l̩
Rhotic *r Rhotic[7][note 5] *r̩
Nasal *m *n Nasal[7][note 5] *m̩ *n̩
Semivowel *j *w Close *i *u

Syllabic Phonemes

To do

Onset Clusters

The following onset clusters[8] are possible in PIE phonotactics:

Plosive Initial

  • plosive + sonorant
    • e.g. *pro "forward"; *pneu- "breath"; *tjegʷ- "revere"; *dlegʱ- "engage oneself"; *dʱwer- "door"; *gʲneh₃- "know"; *kʷrei- "buy"; *gʷjeh₃- "live"
  • voiceless labial plosive + voicless coronal plosive
    • e.g. *pter- "wing"
  • voiceless coronal plosive + voiceless dorsal plosive
    • e.g. *tkʲei- "settle"
  • voiceless labial plosive + sibilant + voiceless coronal plosive
    • e.g. *pster- "sneeze"

Sibilant Initial

  • sibilant + sonorant
    • e.g. *sreu- "flow"; *sjuh- "sew"
  • sibilant + plosive
    • e.g. *spend- "pour a libation"; *skʲeh₂i- "shadow"
  • sibilant + postvelar
    • e.g. *sh₂eh₁-i- "bind"
  • sibilant + plosive + sonorant
    • e.g. *splei- "split"; *streng- "squeeze, tie"

Postvelar Initial

  • postvelar + sonorant
    • e.g. *h₁leudʱ- "go"; *h₁jeh₁- "throw"; *h₂wes- "spend the night"; *h₂ner- "man"; *h₃meigʲʱ- "urinate"; *h₃regʲ- "stretch out the hands"
  • postvelar + plosive
    • e.g. *h₃bʱel- "be of use"
  • postvelar + sibilant
    • e.g. *h₁sih₁- "be" (optative pl. stem)
  • postvelar + sibilant + plosive
    • e.g. *h₂ster- "star"
  • postvelar + sibilant + sonorant
    • e.g. *h₁sjeh₁- "be" (optative sg. stem)

Sonorant Initial

  • labial or labiovelar sonorant + coronal sonorant
    • e.g. *mleuh₂- "speak"; *mregʲʱu- "short"; *mneh₂- "be mindful"; *wleikʷ- "flowing, liquid"; *wreh₂d- "branch, root"

Developments Towards Proto-Celtic

Plosives

The palatal plosives merged with the velar plosives:[9]

  • *kʲ, *k > *k
  • *gʲ, *g > *g
  • *gʲʱ, *gʱ > *gʱ

Following the palatal-velar plosive merger, sequences of palatal plosives followed by labiovelar semivowels would merge to become labiovelar plosives:[9]

  • *kw (< *kʲw) > *kʷ
  • *gw (< *gʲw) > *gʷ
  • *gʱw (< *gʲʱw) > *gʷʱ

The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a palatal semivowel, became velar plosives:[9]

  • *kʷ > *k /_*j
  • *gʷ > *g /_*j
  • *gʷʱ > *gʱ /_*j

The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a coronal nasal, became velar plosives:[9]

  • *kʷ > *k /_*n
  • *gʷ > *g /_*n
  • *gʷʱ > *gʱ /_*n

The labiovelar plosives, when followed by a close back rounded vowel, became velar plosives:[9]

  • *kʷ > *k /_*u
  • *gʷ > *g /_*u
  • *gʷʱ > *gʱ /_*u

Following the above developments, the voiced labiovelar plosive merged with the voiced labial plosive:[9]

  • *gʷ, *b > *b

Then the murmured labiovelar plosive became the Proto-Celtic voiced labiovelar plosive:[9]

  • *gʷʱ > *gʷ

The remaining murmured plosives merged with their voiced counterparts:[10][note 6]

  • *bʱ, *b > *b
  • *dʱ, *d > *d
  • *gʱ, *g > *g

Developments from Proto-Celtic

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Gaulish

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Celtiberian

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Insular Celtic

To do

Developments from Insular Celtic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Common Brittonic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Primitive Irish

To do

Developments in Goidelic

To do

From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish

To do

Notes

  1. ↑ *H covers all potential non-syllabic postvelars.
  2. ↑ *H̩ covers all potential syllabic postvelars.
  3. ↑ The syllabic postvelars are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.
  4. ↑ These vowels are allophonic to their non-syllabic semivowel counterparts.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic counterparts.
  6. ↑ Stifter also offers an alternative, albeit more complex, development at this stage.

Bibliography

  • Fortson IV, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • McCone, K. (1996). "Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change". Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, Saint Patrick’s College.
  • Stifter, David (2006). Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners. Syracuse University Press.
  • Stifter, David (2017). "The phonology of Celtic". Handbook of Comparataive and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
  • Thurneysen, R. (1946; 2003 reprint). A Grammar of Old Irish: Translated from the German by D.A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, with supplement. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

References

  1. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.
  2. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4
  3. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 62
  4. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 60
  5. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1
  6. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 62, 66
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2
  8. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 64-6
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Stifter 2017, p. 1189
  10. ↑ Stifter 2017, pp. 1189-90
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