Difference between revisions of "User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages"

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(→‎Proto-Indo-European: Rearrangement of tables and renaming of titles)
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== Proto-Indo-European ==
== Proto-Indo-European ==


=== Non-Syllabic Consonants ===
=== Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones ===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Plosives<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.</ref>
|+ PIE Plosives<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.</ref>
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="5" | Non-Syllabic
|- class="small"
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Fricatives
|+ PIE Fricatives
! rowspan="1" |
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" | Non-Syllabic
! rowspan="4" |
! Syllabic
|- class="small"
! Coronal
! Coronal
! Laryngeal<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref>
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref>
! Postvelar<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
|-
|-
! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref>
! Sibilant<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref>
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>s''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>s''}}
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|  
|  
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₃''}}
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Sonorants<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1</ref>
|+ PIE Sonorants
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Non-Syllabic<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1</ref>
! rowspan="7" |  
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Syllabic
|- class="small"
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" | Dorsal
! colspan="2" | Dorsal
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" | Short Monophthong<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62, 66</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic semivowels (short vowels) are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
|- class="small"
|- class="small"
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Labiovelar
! Labiovelar
! Front Unrounded
! Back Rounded
|-
|-
! Lateral
! Lateral
|  
|  
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l''}}
|
|
! Lateral<ref name="F09pp61-2">Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2</ref><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants">The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l̥''}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r''}}
|
|
! Rhotic<ref name="F09pp61-2"/><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants"/>
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r̥''}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}
|
|
! Nasal<ref name="F09pp61-2"/><ref group="note" name="Allophonic Sonorants"/>
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m̥''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n̥''}}
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>y''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>y''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>w''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>w''}}
|}
! Close
 
=== Vowels and Syllabic Consonants ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Syllabic Laryngeals<ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
! rowspan="1" |
! Laryngeal
|-
! Fricative
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₃''}}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Syllabic Liquids and Nasals<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
! rowspan="1" |
! Labial
! Coronal
|-
! Lateral
|  
|  
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l̥''}}
|-
! Rhotic
|  
|  
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r̥''}}
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m̥''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n̥''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Syllabic Semivowels (short vowels)<ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62, 66</ref><ref group="note">The syllabic semivowels (short vowels) are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.</ref>
! rowspan="1" |
! Front Unrounded
! Back Rounded
|-
! Close
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>i''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>i''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>u''}}
|}
|}
=== Syllabic Phonemes ===
To do


= Developments from Proto-Celtic =
= Developments from Proto-Celtic =

Revision as of 18:38, 13 February 2022

This page will detail the chronological developments of the Celtic languages, with a focus on Goidelic (for now).

From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic

Proto-Indo-European

Non-Syllabic Phonemes and Their Syllabic Allophones

PIE Plosives[1]
Non-Syllabic
Labial Coronal Dorsal
Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Tenuis *p *t *kʲ *k *kʷ
Voiced *b *d *ɡʲ *ɡ *ɡʷ
Murmured *bʱ *dʱ *ɡʲʱ *ɡʱ *ɡʷʱ
PIE Fricatives
Non-Syllabic Syllabic
Coronal Postvelar[2] Postvelar[3][note 1]
Sibilant[4] *s
Non-Sibilant *h₁, *h₂, *h₃ *ə₁, *ə₂, *ə₃
PIE Sonorants
Non-Syllabic[5] Syllabic
Labial Coronal Dorsal Labial Coronal Short Monophthong[6][note 2]
Palatal Labiovelar Front Unrounded Back Rounded
Lateral *l Lateral[7][note 3] *l̥
Rhotic *r Rhotic[7][note 3] *r̥
Nasal *m *n Nasal[7][note 3] *m̥ *n̥
Semivowel *y *w Close *i *u

Syllabic Phonemes

To do

Developments from Proto-Celtic

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Gaulish

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Celtiberian

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Insular Celtic

To do

Developments from Insular Celtic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Common Brittonic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Primitive Irish

To do

Developments in Goidelic

To do

From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish

To do

Notes

  1. ↑ The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
  2. ↑ The syllabic semivowels (short vowels) are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.

Bibliography

  • Fortson IV, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • McCone, K. (1996). "Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change". Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, Saint Patrick’s College.
  • Stifter, David (2006). Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners. Syracuse University Press.
  • Thurneysen, R. (1946; 2003 reprint). A Grammar of Old Irish: Translated from the German by D.A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, with supplement. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

References

  1. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.
  2. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4
  3. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 62
  4. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 60
  5. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1
  6. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 62, 66
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2
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