Difference between revisions of "User:Erisceres/Chronological Developments in the Celtic Languages"

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(→‎From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic: Updates to phonology tables and references)
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= From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic =
= From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic =
== Consonants ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Proto-Indo-European Plosives <ref>Fortson 2009, p. 56.</ref>
|+ PIE Plosives <ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.</ref>
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Labial
Line 15: Line 17:
|-
|-
! Tenuis
! Tenuis
| {{IPA|/p/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>p''}}
| {{IPA|/t/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>t''}}
| {{IPA|/kʲ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʲ''}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>k''}}
| {{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>kʷ''}}
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| {{IPA|/b/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>b''}}
| {{IPA|/d/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>d''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡʲ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʲ''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡ''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʷ''}}
|-
|-
! Murmured
! Murmured
| {{IPA|/bʱ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>bʱ''}}
| {{IPA|/dʱ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>dʱ''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡʲʱ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʲʱ''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʱ''}}
| {{IPA|/ɡʷʱ/}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ɡʷʱ''}}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Fricatives
! rowspan="1" |
! Coronal
! Laryngeal <ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4</ref>
|-
! Sibilant <ref>Fortson 2009, p. 60</ref>
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>s''}}
|
|-
! Non-Sibilant
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>h₃''}}
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Sonorants <ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1</ref>
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" | Dorsal
|- class="small"
! Palatal
! Labiovelar
|-
! Lateral
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l''}}
|
|
|-
! Rhotic
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r''}}
|
|
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n''}}
|
|
|-
! Semivowel
|
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>y''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>w''}}
|}
 
== Vowels and Syllabic Consonants ==
 
The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Syllabic Laryngeals <ref>Fortson 2009, p. 62</ref>
! rowspan="1" |
! Laryngeal
|-
! Fricative
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₁''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₂''}}, {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>ə₃''}}
|}
 
The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ PIE Syllabic Liquids and Nasals <ref>Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2</ref>
! rowspan="1" |
! Labial
! Coronal
|-
! Lateral
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>l̥''}}
|-
! Rhotic
|
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>r̥''}}
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>m̥''}}
| {{IPA|''<nowiki>*</nowiki>n̥''}}
|}
|}


Revision as of 04:14, 13 February 2022

This page will detail the chronological developments of the Celtic languages, with a focus on Goidelic (for now).

From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic

Consonants

PIE Plosives [1]
Labial Coronal Dorsal
Palatal Velar Labiovelar
Tenuis *p *t *kʲ *k *kʷ
Voiced *b *d *ɡʲ *ɡ *ɡʷ
Murmured *bʱ *dʱ *ɡʲʱ *ɡʱ *ɡʷʱ
PIE Fricatives
Coronal Laryngeal [2]
Sibilant [3] *s
Non-Sibilant *h₁, *h₂, *h₃
PIE Sonorants [4]
Labial Coronal Dorsal
Palatal Labiovelar
Lateral *l
Rhotic *r
Nasal *m *n
Semivowel *y *w

Vowels and Syllabic Consonants

The syllabic laryngeals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.

PIE Syllabic Laryngeals [5]
Laryngeal
Fricative *ə₁, *ə₂, *ə₃

The syllabic liquids and nasals are allophonic to their non-syllabic consonantal counterparts.

PIE Syllabic Liquids and Nasals [6]
Labial Coronal
Lateral *l̥
Rhotic *r̥
Nasal *m̥ *n̥

Developments from Proto-Celtic

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Gaulish

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Celtiberian

To do

From Proto-Celtic to Insular Celtic

To do

Developments from Insular Celtic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Common Brittonic

To do

From Insular Celtic to Primitive Irish

To do

Developments in Goidelic

To do

From Primitive Irish to Early Old Irish

To do

Bibliography

  • Fortson IV, B. W. (2009). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • McCone, K. (1996). "Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change". Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, Saint Patrick’s College.
  • Stifter, David (2006). Sengoídelc: Old Irish for Beginners. Syracuse University Press.
  • Thurneysen, R. (1946; 2003 reprint). A Grammar of Old Irish: Translated from the German by D.A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, with supplement. School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

References

  1. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 53-60.
  2. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 62-4
  3. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 60
  4. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 60-1
  5. ↑ Fortson 2009, p. 62
  6. ↑ Fortson 2009, pp. 61-2
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