Difference between revisions of "Irish/Déise Irish"
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=== Following Simple Prepositions<ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> === | === Following Simple Prepositions<ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> === | ||
==== Following Simple Prepositions without the Article ==== | |||
===== Simple Prepositions That Cause Lenition ===== | |||
* ''ar'' | |||
* ''de'' | |||
* ''do'' | |||
* ''fé'' | |||
* ''idir'' | |||
* ''mar'' | |||
* ''ó'' | |||
* ''thear''<ref group="note">''thear'' does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.</ref> | |||
* ''trí'' | |||
* ''um'' | |||
===== Simple Prepositions That Cause Eclipsis ===== | |||
* ''in''<ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref> | |||
===== Simple Prepositions That Cause ''h''-Prothesis ===== | |||
* ''le''<ref group="note">''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.</ref> | |||
* ''go'' | |||
===== Simple Prepositions That Cause No Mutation ===== | |||
* ''age'' | |||
* ''as'' | |||
* ''go dtí'', ''dtí'' | |||
* ''roimh'', ''roimhig'' | |||
==== Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article<ref>Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV): 217-222.</ref> ==== | ==== Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article<ref>Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV): 217-222.</ref> ==== | ||
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The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish: | The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish: | ||
* '' | * ''age ‘n'', | ||
* ''ar | * ''ar an'', | ||
* ''as | * ''as an'', | ||
* '' | * ''de ‘n'', | ||
* '' | * ''do ‘n'', | ||
* ''fé ‘n'', | * ''fé ‘n'', | ||
* ''ó ‘n'', | * ''ó ‘n'', | ||
* ''roimh ‘n'', | * ''roimh ‘n'', | ||
* ''(go) dtí ‘n'', | * ''(go) dtí ‘n'', | ||
* ''leis | * ''leis an'', | ||
* '' | * ''thear an'', | ||
*''tríd | *''tríd an'', | ||
* and '' | * and ''ins an''. | ||
===== Lenition ===== | ===== Lenition ===== | ||
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! ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ! ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''age ‘n'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
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| {{color|green|L}} | | {{color|green|L}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''de ‘n'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| Line 107: | Line 138: | ||
| {{color|green|L}} | | {{color|green|L}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''do ‘n'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
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| {{color|green|L}} | | {{color|green|L}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''dtí ‘n'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
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| {{color|green|L}} | | {{color|green|L}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''thear a’'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
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| {{color|green|L}} | | {{color|green|L}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''ins a’'' | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
| {{color|red|E}} | | {{color|red|E}} | ||
Revision as of 19:55, 15 January 2022
The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish
Initial Mutations
Nouns
Following Simple Prepositions[note 1]
Following Simple Prepositions without the Article
Simple Prepositions That Cause Lenition
- ar
- de
- do
- fé
- idir
- mar
- ó
- thear[note 2]
- trí
- um
Simple Prepositions That Cause Eclipsis
- in[note 3]
Simple Prepositions That Cause h-Prothesis
- le[note 4]
- go
Simple Prepositions That Cause No Mutation
- age
- as
- go dtí, dtí
- roimh, roimhig
Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article[1]
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.
Simple Preposition and Article Combinations
The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:
- age ‘n,
- ar an,
- as an,
- de ‘n,
- do ‘n,
- fé ‘n,
- ó ‘n,
- roimh ‘n,
- (go) dtí ‘n,
- leis an,
- thear an,
- tríd an,
- and ins an.
Lenition
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:
- b to bh,
- p to ph,
- g to gh,
- c to ch,
- and s to ts.[note 5]
Eclipsis
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:
- b to mb,
- p to bp,
- g to ng,
- c to gc,
- and f to bhf.
No Mutation
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns[note 6] are not affected by mutation:
- d,
- t,
- m,
- n,
- l,
- r
- or h.
Contributing Factors
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:
- The form of the preposition when used with the article,[note 7] whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
- The initial consonant of the noun:
- b, g or f
- p or c
- s[note 5]
General Rules
- b, g and f undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
- s, only in the case of feminine nouns[note 5], undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
- p and c undergo lenition following ins a’ (or sa).
- p and c undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
- p and c undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.
| Noun Initial | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | g | f | p | c | s[note 5] | |
| age ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| de ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| do ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| fé ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ó ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| roimh ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| dtí ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ar a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| as a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| leis a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| thear a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| tríd a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| ins a’ | E | E | E | L | L | L |
Deviations to the Rules
- Contrary to rule #5, p has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.
- Contrary to rule #3, (in)s a(n) had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial p and c in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
- Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial b and g, but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
Notes
- ↑ Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.
- ↑ thear does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.
- ↑ Eclipsis of nouns beginning with b have both the m and the b pronounced, e.g. i mBéarla.
- ↑ le causes no mutation in South Tipperary.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Only affects feminine nouns with initial s; masculine nouns are not mutated.
- ↑ Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.
- ↑ For example, the preposition le becomes leis when combined with the article.
References
- ↑ Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV): 217-222.
