Difference between revisions of "Irish/Déise Irish"
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= Initial Mutations = | = Initial Mutations = | ||
== | == Nouns == | ||
=== Following Simple Prepositions<ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following | === Following Simple Prepositions<ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> === | ||
==== Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article<ref>Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV): 217-222.</ref> ==== | ==== Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article<ref>Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV): 217-222.</ref> ==== | ||
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a simple preposition and the singular article. | |||
===== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ===== | ===== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ===== | ||
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* ''g'' to ''gh'', | * ''g'' to ''gh'', | ||
* ''c'' to ''ch'', | * ''c'' to ''ch'', | ||
* and ''s'' to ''ts''.<ref group="note" name="feminine | * and ''s'' to ''ts''.<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref> | ||
===== Eclipsis ===== | ===== Eclipsis ===== | ||
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===== No Mutation ===== | ===== No Mutation ===== | ||
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in | Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation: | ||
* ''d'', | * ''d'', | ||
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===== Contributing Factors ===== | ===== Contributing Factors ===== | ||
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the | The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun: | ||
* The form of the preposition when used with the article,<ref group="note">For example, the preposition ''le'' becomes ''leis'' when combined with the article.</ref> whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant. | * The form of the preposition when used with the article,<ref group="note">For example, the preposition ''le'' becomes ''leis'' when combined with the article.</ref> whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant. | ||
* The initial consonant of the | * The initial consonant of the noun: | ||
** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f'' | ** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f'' | ||
** ''p'' or ''c'' | ** ''p'' or ''c'' | ||
** ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine | ** ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ||
===== General Rules ===== | ===== General Rules ===== | ||
# ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations. | # ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations. | ||
# ''s'', only in the case of feminine | # ''s'', only in the case of feminine nouns<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>, undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine. | ||
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa''). | # ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa''). | ||
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant. | # ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant. | ||
| Line 82: | Line 82: | ||
|+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article | |+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | | ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" | | ||
! colspan="6" | | ! colspan="6" | Noun Initial | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''b'' | ! ''b'' | ||
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! ''p'' | ! ''p'' | ||
! ''c'' | ! ''c'' | ||
! ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine | ! ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ''(ai)ge ‘n'' | ! ''(ai)ge ‘n'' | ||
Revision as of 17:53, 15 January 2022
The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish
Initial Mutations
Nouns
Following Simple Prepositions[note 1]
Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article[1]
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a simple preposition and the singular article.
Simple Preposition and Article Combinations
The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:
- (ai)ge ‘n,
- ar a(n),
- as a(n),
- d(h)e ‘n,
- d(h)o ‘n,
- fé ‘n,
- ó ‘n,
- roimh ‘n,
- (go) dtí ‘n,
- leis a(n),
- thar a(n),
- tríd a(n),
- and (in)s a(n).
Lenition
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:
- b to bh,
- p to ph,
- g to gh,
- c to ch,
- and s to ts.[note 2]
Eclipsis
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:
- b to mb,
- p to bp,
- g to ng,
- c to gc,
- and f to bhf.
No Mutation
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns[note 3] are not affected by mutation:
- d,
- t,
- m,
- n,
- l,
- r
- or h.
Contributing Factors
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:
- The form of the preposition when used with the article,[note 4] whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
- The initial consonant of the noun:
- b, g or f
- p or c
- s[note 2]
General Rules
- b, g and f undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
- s, only in the case of feminine nouns[note 2], undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
- p and c undergo lenition following ins a’ (or sa).
- p and c undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
- p and c undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.
| Noun Initial | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | g | f | p | c | s[note 2] | |
| (ai)ge ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| d(h)e ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| d(h)o ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| fé ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ó ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| roimh ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| (go) dtí ‘n | E | E | E | L | L | L |
| ar a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| as a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| leis a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| thar a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| tríd a’ | E | E | E | E | E | L |
| (in)s a’ | E | E | E | L | L | L |
Deviations to the Rules
- Contrary to rule #5, p has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.
- Contrary to rule #3, (in)s a(n) had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial p and c in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
- Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial b and g, but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
Notes
- ↑ Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Only affects feminine nouns with initial s; masculine nouns are not mutated.
- ↑ Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.
- ↑ For example, the preposition le becomes leis when combined with the article.
References
- ↑ Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV): 217-222.
