Difference between revisions of "Irish/Déise Irish"

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The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish
The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish


= Initial Mutations =
= Morphosyntax =


== Substantives ==
== Verbs ==


=== Following Simple Prepositions ===
=== Analytic and Synthetic Forms ===


==== Following Simple Prepositions with the Singular Article<ref>Breatnach, R. B. (1960-61). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV): 217-222.</ref> ====
==== South Tipperary ====


Substantives are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a simple preposition and the singular article.
In the variety of Déise Irish that was spoken in South Tipperary, the following conjugations of the verb ''bí'' along with the most typical analytic and synthetic forms are given: <ref group="note" name="South Tipp verbs"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Ó Maolchathaigh specifically details the paradigms for the forms ''bhí'', ''thá'', ''beidh'', ''bheadh'' and ''bhíodh'' (alongside a paradigm for ''bhuail'' which functions exactly the same as the paradigm for ''bhí'').<ref name="ÓMunp320">Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 320</ref> The remaining paradigms are retrieved elsewhere<ref name="W82p44">Wagner 1982, p. 44</ref> or presumed by analogy.|group="note"|follow="South Tipp verbs"}}


===== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Conjugation of ''bí'' in South Tipperary
! Stem Form
! 1st Sg.
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Masc. Sg.
! 3rd Fem. Sg.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
! Conjugation Category
|-
! ''thá''
| ''thá me''
| ''thá tu'' <ref group="note" name="tháir"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''thár'' as a form in ''conas tathár?''.<ref name="W82p44"/> Ó Maolchathaigh gives ''táir'' as a form in ''conas táir?''.<ref name="ÓMunp123">Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 123</ref>|group="note"|follow="tháir"}}
| ''thá sé''
| ''thá sí''
| ''tháimíd''
| ''thá sibh''
| ''thá siad''
| indicative present independent affirmative
|-
! ''nín''
| ''nín me'' <ref group="note" name="nínim"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''nínim''.<ref name="W82p44"/>|group="note"|follow="nínim"}}
| ''nín tu''
| ''nín sé''
| ''nín sí''
| ''nínimíd'' <ref group="note" name="nínmíd"></ref>{{#tag:ref|Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives ''nínmíd''.<ref name="W82p44"/>|group="note"|follow="nínmíd"}}
| ''nín sibh''
| ''nín siad''
| indicative present independent negative
|-
! ''fuil''
| ''fuil me''
| ''fuil tu''
| ''fuil sé''
| ''fuil sí''
| ''fuilimíd''
| ''fuil sibh''
| ''fuil siad''
| indicative present dependent
|-
! ''bhí''
| ''bhí me''
| ''bhí tu''
| ''bhí sé''
| ''bhí sí''
| ''bhíomar'' <ref group="note" name="-amair"></ref>{{#tag:ref|While Ó Maolchathaigh had ''-amar'' endings, Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna had ''-amair'' endings.<ref name="W82p38">Wagner 1982, p. 38</ref>|group="note"|follow="-amair"}}
| ''bhíobhair''
| ''bhíodar''
| indicative past independent
|-
! ''raibh''
| ''raibh me''
| ''raibh tu''
| ''raibh sé''
| ''raibh sí''
| ''raibheamar'' <ref group="note" name="-amair"/>
| ''raibheabhair''
| ''raibheadar''
| indicative past dependent
|-
! ''beidh''
| ''beidh me''
| ''beidh tu''
| ''beidh sé''
| ''beidh sí''
| ''beimíd''
| ''beidh sibh''
| ''beidh siad''
| indicative future
|-
! ''bíonn''
| ''bím''
| ''bíonn tu''
| ''bíonn sé''
| ''bíonn sí''
| ''bímíd''
| ''bíonn sibh''
| ''bíonn siad''
| indicative present habitual
|-
! ''bhíodh''
| ''bhínn''
| ''bhítheá''
| ''bhíodh sé''
| ''bhíodh sí''
| ''bhímíst''
| ''bhíodh sibh''
| ''bhídís''
| indicative past habitual
|-
! ''bheadh''
| ''bheinn''
| ''bheitheá''
| ''bheadh sé''
| ''bheadh sí''
| ''bheimíst''
| ''bheadh sibh''
| ''bheidís''
| conditional
|}
 
Note: as is typical throughout Déise Irish, the interrogatives ''an bhfuil?'' and ''cá bhfuil?'' are pronounced as ''buil?'' (dropping the ''an'' particle) and ''cail?'' (merging ''cá'' and ''bhfuil'', and shortening the vowel) respectively; otherwise, the pronunciation of ''bhfuil'' is generally as expected.
 
== Prepositions ==
 
=== Prepositional Pronouns ===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Prepositions and their prepositional pronouns
! Preposition
! 1st Sg.
! 2nd Sg.
! 3rd Masc. Sg.
! 3rd Fem. Sg.
! 1st Pl.
! 2nd Pl.
! 3rd Pl.
|-
! ''aige'' <ref group="note">The form ''age'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''aige'', but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ''ag'' in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">''aige'' can reduce to ''aig’'', ''‘ge'' or ''‘g’''; ''aige'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; ''aig’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ''‘ge'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ''‘g’'' is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. ''aige'' and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ''‘gam'', ''‘gat'', ''‘ge'', ''‘ci'', ''‘gainn'', ''‘gaibh'' and ''‘cu''.</ref>
| ''agam''
| ''agat''
| ''aige''
| ''aici''
| ''againn''
| ''agaibh''
| ''acu''
|-
! ''ar'' <ref group="note">The form ''ar'' is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form ''air'', but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.</ref> <ref group="note">Unlike ''aige'', the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular ''rom'', and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ''‘rt''.</ref>
| ''orm'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''rom''.</ref>
| ''ort''
| ''air''
| ''uirthi'' or ''uirthí''
| ''eirinn'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘rinn''.</ref> or ''orthainn'' or ''orainn''
| ''oraibh'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘ribh''.</ref>
| ''ora'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘ra''.</ref> or ''ortha''
|-
! ''as''
| ''asam''
| ''asat''
| ''as''
| ''aiste''
| ''asainn''
| ''asaibh''
| ''asta''
|-
! ''chún''
| ''chúm''
| ''chút''
| ''chuige''
| ''chúithe''
| ''chúinn''
| ''chúibh''
| ''chútha''
|-
! ''de'' or ''dhe'' <ref group="note" name="de and do">Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), ''de'' and ''do'' are indistinguishable. ''‘ge'', the reduced form of ''aige'', is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of ''dhe'' or ''dho''.</ref>
| ''díom'' or ''dhíom''
| ''díot'' or ''dhíot''
| ''de'' or ''dhe''
| ''di'' or ''dhi''
| ''dínn'' or ''dhínn''
| ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh''
| ''díobh'' or ''dhíobh''
|-
! ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note" name="de and do"/>
| ''dom'' or ''dhom'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dúmhsa'' or ''dhúmhsa''.</ref>
| ''doit'' or ''dhoit''
| ''do'' or ''dho'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dósan'' or ''dhósan''.</ref>
| ''di'' or ''dhi'' <ref group="note">Emphatic form ''dísin'' or ''dhísin''.</ref>
| ''dúinn'' or ''dhúinn''
| ''díbh'' or ''dhíbh''
| ''dóibh'' or ''dhóibh''
|-
! ''fé''
| ''fúm''
| ''fút''
| ''fé'' or ''féig'' or ''féighe''
| ''fúithi''
| ''fúinn'' <ref group="note" name="fé pronoun"></ref>
| ''fúibh'' <ref group="note" name="fé pronoun"/>
| ''fútha''
|-
! ''i'' <ref group="note">In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..</ref>
| ''ionam'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to ''‘num''. The general emphatic form is ''numsa''.</ref>
| ''ionat'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''nutsa''.</ref>
| ''ann'' <ref group="note">The general emphatic form is ''on''.</ref>
| ''inti''
| ''ionainn'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘nainn''.</ref>
| ''ionaibh'' <ref group="note">Sometimes reduced to ''‘naibh''.</ref>
| ''iontu'' or ''annta''
|-
! ''idir'' <ref group="note">Often reduced to'' ‘dir''.</ref> <ref group="note">''idir'' has no conjugated forms for the singular persons.</ref>
| -
| -
| -
| -
| ''eadarainn''
| ''eadaraibh''
| ''eatarra''
|-
! ''le'' or ''lé''
| ''liom''
| ''leat''
| ''leis''
| ''léithe'' or ''léi''
| ''linn''
| ''libh''
| ''leotha'' or ''leo''
|-
! ''ó''
| ''bhuam'' or ''bhuaim'' or ''uam'' or ''uaim''
| ''bhuait'' or ''uait''
| ''bhuaidh'' or ''uaidh''
| ''bhuaithe'' or ''uaithe''
| ''bhuainn'' or ''uainn''
| ''bhuaibh'' or ''uaibh''
| ''bhuatha'' or ''uatha''
|-
! ''roimh'' (''roi'') or ''roimhigh'' (''roig'') or ''roimhe''
| ''romham'' (''rúm'')
| ''romhat'' (''rút'')
| ''roimhigh'' (''roig'') or ''roimhe''
| ''rúimpe'' or ''roimpe''
| ''romhainn'' (''rúinn'')
| ''romhaibh'' (''rúibh'')
| ''rúmpa'' or ''rompa''
|-
! ''thar'' or ''thear''
| ''thorm'' or ''thearm''
| ''thorat'' or ''thearat''
| ''theiris'' or ''thairis'' or ''theairis'' or ''thiris''
| ''thóirste'' or ''thóiste''
| ''thorainn'' or ''thearainn'' or ''theirinn'' or ''thirinn''
| ''thoraibh'' or ''thearaibh''
| ''thórsta'' or ''thósta''
|-
! ''trí''
| ''tríom''
| ''tríot''
| ''tríd''
| ''tríthe''
| ''trínn''
| ''tríbh''
| ''tríotha''
|-
! ''um'' <ref group="note">The quality of the initial vowel in the prepositional pronouns depends on the quality of a preceding consonant.</ref>
| ''iomam'' or ''umam''
| ''iomat'' or ''umat''
| ''imigh'' or ''uimigh''
| ''ímpe'' or ''oimpe''
| ''iomainn'' or ''umainn''
| ''iomaibh'' or ''umaibh''
| ''iompa'' or ''umpa''
|}
 
{{#tag:ref|Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of ''fé''.<ref name="S44p24">Sheehan 1944, p. 24</ref>|group="note"|follow="fé pronoun"}}
 
== Initial Mutations ==
 
=== Initial Mutations of Nouns ===
 
==== Following Simple Prepositions <ref group="note">Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.</ref> ====
 
===== Without the Article =====
 
====== Lenition ======
 
The following simple prepositions cause lenition: <ref group="note">''f'' generally avoids being lenited.</ref>
 
* ''ar''
* ''de''
* ''do''
* ''fé''
* ''idir''
* ''mar''
* ''ó''
* ''thear'' <ref group="note">''thear'' does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.</ref>
* ''trí''
* ''um''
 
====== Eclipsis ======
 
The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis:
 
* ''in'' <ref group="note">Eclipsis of nouns beginning with ''b'' have both the ''m'' and the ''b'' pronounced, e.g. ''i mBéarla''.</ref>
 
====== ''h''-Prothesis ======
 
The following simple prepositions cause ''h''-prothesis:
 
* ''le'' <ref group="note" name="le mutation"></ref>{{#tag:ref|''le'' causes no mutation in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228">Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228</ref>|group="note"|follow="le mutation"}}
* ''go''
 
====== No Mutation ======
 
The following simple prepositions cause no mutation:
 
* ''aige''
* ''as'' <ref group="note" name="as mutation"></ref>{{#tag:ref|''as'' causes lenition in South Tipperary.<ref name="ÓM74p228"/>|group="note"|follow="as mutation"}}
* ''go dtí'', ''dtí''
* ''roimh'', ''roimhig''
 
===== With the Singular Article <ref>Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.</ref> =====
 
Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.
 
====== Simple Preposition and Article Combinations ======


The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:
The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:


* ''(ai)ge ‘n'',
* ''aige ‘n'',
* ''ar a’'',
* ''ar an'',
* ''as a’'',
* ''as an'',
* ''d(h)e ‘n'',
* ''de ‘n'',
* ''d(h)o ‘n'',
* ''do ‘n'',
* ''fé ‘n'',
* ''fé ‘n'',
* ''ó ‘n'',
* ''ó ‘n'',
* ''roimh ‘n'',
* ''(go) dtí ‘n'',
* ''(go) dtí ‘n'',
* ''leis a’'',
* ''leis an'',
* ''thar a’'',
* ''thear an'',
* and ''(in)s a(n)''.
*''tríd an'',
* and ''ins an''.


===== Lenition =====
====== Lenition ======


Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:
Line 35: Line 344:
* ''g'' to ''gh'',
* ''g'' to ''gh'',
* ''c'' to ''ch'',
* ''c'' to ''ch'',
* and ''s'' to ''ts''<ref group="note" name="feminine substantives">Only affects feminine substantives with initial ''s''; masculine substantives are not mutated.</ref>.
* and ''s'' to ''ts''. <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns">Only affects feminine nouns with initial ''s''; masculine nouns are not mutated.</ref>


===== Eclipsis =====
====== Eclipsis ======


Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:
Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:
Line 47: Line 356:
* and ''f'' to ''bhf''.
* and ''f'' to ''bhf''.


===== No Mutation =====
====== No Mutation ======


Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in substantives<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation:
Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns<ref group="note">Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.</ref> are not affected by mutation:


* ''d'',
* ''d'',
Line 59: Line 368:
* or ''h''.
* or ''h''.


===== Contributing Factors =====
====== Contributing Factors ======


The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the substantive:
The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:


* The form of the preposition when used with the article (e.g. leis rather than le), whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
* The form of the preposition when used with the article,<ref group="note">For example, the preposition ''le'' becomes ''leis'' when combined with the article.</ref> whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
* The initial consonant of the substantive:
* The initial consonant of the noun:
** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f''
** ''b'', ''g'' or ''f''
** ''p'' or ''c''
** ''p'' or ''c''
** ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine substantives"/>
** ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>


===== General Rules =====
====== General Rules ======


# ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
# ''b'', ''g'' and ''f'' undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
# ''s'', only in the case of feminine substantives<ref group="note" name="feminine substantives"/>, undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the substantive is masculine.
# ''s'', only in the case of feminine nouns<ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>, undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa'').
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo lenition following ''ins a’'' (or ''sa'').
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
# ''p'' and ''c'' undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
Line 80: Line 389:
|+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article
|+ Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |
! colspan="6" | Substantive Initial
! colspan="6" | Noun Initial
|-
|-
! ''b''
! ''b''
Line 87: Line 396:
! ''p''
! ''p''
! ''c''
! ''c''
! ''s''<ref group="note" name="feminine substantives"/>
! ''s'' <ref group="note" name="feminine nouns"/>
|-
|-
! ''(ai)ge 'n''
! ''aige ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 97: Line 406:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''d(h)e 'n''
! ''de ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 105: Line 414:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''d(h)o 'n''
! ''do ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 113: Line 422:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''fé 'n''
! ''fé ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 121: Line 430:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''ó 'n''
! ''ó ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 129: Line 438:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''(go) dtí 'n''
! ''roimh ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 137: Line 446:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''ar a'''
! ''dtí ‘n''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''ar a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 145: Line 462:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''as a'''
! ''as a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 153: Line 470:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''leis a'''
! ''leis a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 161: Line 478:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''thar a'''
! ''thear a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 169: Line 486:
| {{color|green|L}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
|-
! ''(in)s a(n)''
! ''tríd a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|green|L}}
|-
! ''ins a’''
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
| {{color|red|E}}
Line 178: Line 503:
|}
|}


===== Deviations to the Rules =====
====== Deviations to the Rules ======


* Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
* Contrary to rule #3, ''ins an'' (or ''sa'') had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial ''p'' and ''c'' in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
* Contrary to rule #5, ''p'' has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.
* Contrary to rule #5, ''p'' has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.
* Contrary to rule #3, ''(in)s a(n)'' had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial ''p'' and ''c'' in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
* Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial ''b'' and ''g'', but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.


= Notes =
= Notes =


<references group="note"/>
<references group="note"/>
= Recordings =
== RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta ==
=== Adhmhaidin ===
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21543527/ 22 Aibreán 2019 - ''Nioclás Ó Gríofáin, Cumann Staire na nDéise''] Imní ar Chumann Staire Ghaeltacht na nDéise, go ndéanfar dearmad ar Mhicheál Breathnach an t-aon duine amháin as an Rinn, i bPort Láirge, a maraíodh i gCogadh na Saoirse, mura gcuirtear leanaí na háite ar an eolas faoi.
=== An Saol Ó Dheas ===
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21441897/ 02 Deireadh Fómhair 2018 - ''Micheál de Paor, feirmeoir ón Seanaphobal sna Déise''] Tá a shaol caite aige Micheál ag saothrú na talún sa Loiscreán sa tSeanaphobal. Thug sé a a óige ag imirt chaide lena pharóiste ach deir sé go mbíodh peileadóirí na Rinne ró mhaith dhóibh i gconaí.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21586945/ 16 Iúil 2019 - ''Nollaig Ó Cionnfhaola, Parthalán Breathnach, Nioclás Ó Gríofáin; Am lóin sa Linn Bhuí''] Triú fear ón Rinn ag ithe dínnéir i lár a lae sa Linn Bhuí ar a suaimhneas. Caint ar a saol,a n-óige agus an sásamh atá bainte acu as go dtí seo.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21638319/ 17 Deireadh Fómhair 2019 - ''Nioclás Ó Gríofáin; Báid a briseadh ar chósta Phort Láirge''] Tá mappáil déanta ar ghrinneal na Mara ar chósta na h-Éireann ag INFOMAR. Tá eolas aige Nioclás ar bháid a chuaigh go grinneal amach ó chósta Phort Láirge.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22006172/ 16 Meán Fómhair 2021 - ''Seán Breathnach; Rinn Ua gCuanach''] Fuair Seán Breathnach ó Rinn Ua gCuanach taom croí an tseachtain seo caite. Caitheadh é bhogadh ó Ospidéal na h-Ollscoile Port Láirge go Corcaigh mar nach raibh seirbhísí croí ar fáil ann i rith an deireadh seachtaine.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22340893/ 09 Eanáir 2024 - ''Dónal Ó Murchadha; Comhairle Pobail na Rinne''] Tá Dónal Ó Murchadha ceapaithe ina Chathaoirleach ar Chomhairle Pobail na Rinne.
=== Cartlann Bhóthar na Léinsí ===
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21835272/ 13 Meán Fómhair 2020 - ''Peig Bn. Uí Riagáin''] Peig Bn. Uí Riagáin, Baile na nGall, Rinn Ua gCuanach, ag cur síos ar an saol ina baile dúchais nuair a bhí sí óg. Craoladh é seo den chéad uair 09/04/1981.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21846130/ 04 Deireadh Fómhair 2020 - ''Peig Bn. Uí Riagáin & Cáit ‘An Bhab’ Feiritéar''] Peig Bn. Uí Riagáin, Rinn Ua gCuanach, & Cáit ‘An Bhab’ Feiritéar, Dún Chaoin i gcomhrá le chéile i 1985.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21856363/ 25 Deireadh Fómhair 2020 - ''Séimí Ó Cionnfhaola, Rinn Ua gCuanach''] Séimí Ó Cionnfhaola ag labhairt le Dóirín Mhic Mhurchadha fé bheith ag múineadh Gaolainne agus amhráin i Londain. Craolta 03/05/1976.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21920681/ 07 Márta 21 - ''Peig Bn. Uí Riagáin, An Rinn''] Dar le Peig Bn Uí Riagáin ón Rinn, ag labhairt di i 1993, b’amhail leis an difríocht idir cailc agus cáis an difríocht idir an charghas nuair a bhí sí óg agus carghas na linne seo.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21957613/ 23 Bealtaine 2021 - ''Micheál Ó Maoldomhnaigh, An Caisleán Nua, Co. Thiobrad Árainn''] Micheál Ó Maoldomhnaigh, An Caisleán Nua, Co. Thiobrad Árainn, ó Chartlann Raidió Éireann, deireadh na 1950í.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22016440/ 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2021 - ''Clár #55: Maidhc Dháith Turraoin, Rinn Ua gCuanach''] Clár ó 1958 le rí-sheanchaí na nDéise, Maidhc Dháith Turraoin (ó Chartlann Raidió Éireann).
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22051507/ 16 Eanáir 2022 - ''Clár #68: An Rinn & An Seanphobal''] Dhá agallamh a deineadh i gceantar Ghaeltachta na nDéise i 1994: - Séimín Ó Cionnfhaola ó Bhaile na nGall - Peig Móinbhíol ón Seanaphobal.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22058361/ 30 Eanáir 2022 - ''Clár #70: Lá le Bríde''] Naomh Bríd & a Féile - Joe Daly - Caitlín Mhic Eoin - Bab Feiritéar - Peig Uí Riagáin - Nell Tom Ní Ríordáin.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22113508/ 26 Meitheamh 2022 - ''Clár #91: Muintir na Rinne 1980''] Cois mara thoir sa Rinn i 1980 le: Tomás Ó Ceallaigh, Scipéara an bháid 'An Tyrone'; Déaglán Dúrta as an Seanaphobal; Liam Breathnach as Cnocán an Phaoraigh; An tAth. Tadhg Furlong, Sagart cúnta na Rinne; Úna Bn. Breathnach (Úna Parks).
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/22122453/ 17 Iúil 2022 - ''Clár #94: Pátrún na hAirde Móire & Páirc Uí Fhearchair''] Nioclás Breathnach ag cur síos ar Naomh Déaglán, Pátrún na hAirde Móire agus bruíonta baitíní, i 1998. Nioclás Mac Craith ag cur síos ar stair & seanchas Pháirc Uí Fhearchair i nDún Garbhán, 1995.
=== Cormac ag a Cúig ===
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20708215/ 07 Eanáir 2015 - ''Odí Ní Chéilleachair'']
=== Ríleanna agus Téipeanna ===
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-01-feabhra-2009 01 Feabhra 2009] Ian Lee le píosaí cainte ón Rinn - Risteard Turraoin ó 1972 le Pádraig Tyers; Radio Pobail na Rinne 1978 - Nioclás MacCraith, Máire Nic Craith, Séamus MacCraith, Séamus Ó Faoláin (Séamusiín an Chnoic) Stás Ní Chrota, Neans Uí Bhraonáin páirteach ann. Cuid den eolas fá ainmneacha faighte ó dhaoine sa Rinn.
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-080209 08 Feabhra 2009] Seán Tóibín, Micheál Gaeltacht na Rinne ó Chartlann Fuaime RTÉ - Deaglán Ó Muiríosa, Séamus Ó Faoláin ag caint le Pádraig Tyers sna 70adaí; Na Prátaí Dubha á aithris ag Peig Uí Riagáin; Radio Pobail na Rinne ó 1978; Séamus MacCraith agus Liam Coistín agus Máire Nic Craith páirteach ann. Láithriú/Leiriú Ian Lee
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-15-feabhra-2009 15 Feabhra 2009] Seán Tóibín, Micheál Breathnach ón Rinn ag caint le Pádraig Tyers sa bhliain 1974. Laithriú/Leiriú: Ian Lee
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-220209 22 Feabhra 2009] Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-010309 01 Márta 2009] Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-080309 08 Márta 2009] Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
* [https://www.podcasts.com/rte-podchraoladh-rileanna-agus-teipeanna/episode/rleanna-agus-tipeanna-150309 15 Márta 2009] Seanchas agus scéalta faoi Naomh Pádraig
=== Siúlach Scéalach ===
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20421440/ 13 Lúnasa 2013 - ''An tAthair Ó Flaithbhín sagart paróiste na Rinne sa bhliain 1972''] An tAthair Ó Flaithbhín sagart paróiste na Rinne ag cur sios ar an Rinn sna Déise mar leath-pharóiste agus aifrinn Ghaeilge sa cheantar.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20421441/ 13 Lúnasa 2013 - ''Liam Breathnach sa Rinn 1972''] Liam Breathnach ón Rinn ag cur síos ar an tsean-saol sa cheantar nuair nach raibh Béarla ar bith á labhairt, cúrsai iascaireachta, Coláiste na Rinne.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20421442/ 13 Lúnasa 2013 - ''Micheál Ó Domhnaill agus Coláiste na Rinne 1972''] Micheál Ó Domhnaill, bainisteoir Choláiste na Rinne ag cur síos ar thionchar an choláiste ar an cheantar agus an Béarla ag teacht chun cinn.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20421443/ 13 Lúnasa 2013 -''Muiris Ó Ceallaigh sa Rinn 1972''] Muiris Ó Ceallaigh iascaire as Heilbhic ag cur síos ar chúrsaí iascaireachta sa cheantar.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20462511/ 27 Deireadh Fómhair 2013 - ''Muintir na Rinne sna Déise 1974''] Seosamh Ó Foghlú, Nioclás MacCraith, Gearóid Ó Curraoin agus Dóirín Mhic Mhurchadha ag cur síos as an saol sa Rinn le hUinseann MacGruairc sa bhliain 1974.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20660604/ 06 Deireadh Fómhair 2014 - ''Seán Tóibín ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge''] Seán Tóibín ó Bhaile na nGall, An Rinn, ag caint le Pádraig Tyers fá chúrsaí iascaireachta ag tús na 70adaí.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20742176/ 02 Márta 2015 - ''Micheál Breathnach agus Pádraig Tyers sa Rinn''] Micheál Breathnach ag caint le Pádraig Tyers ar ché Bhaile na nGall sa Rinn fá sheoltóir (shark) a thug siad i dtír sa bhliain 1972.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20767800/ 20 Aibreán 2015 - ''Cáit Feiritéar, Nioclás Tóibín, Áine Ní Ghallchóir''] Cáit Féiritéar ag inse scéalta sa bhliain 1968 ina measc údar an amhráin a cheolann Nioclás Tóibín agus Áine Ní Ghallchhóir anseo, amhrán fá bhean a thug na síogaí leo.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20767797/ 20 Aibreán 2015 - ''Micheál Ó Maoldomhnaigh cainteoir ó dhúchas ó Thobraid Árann''] Micheál Ó Maoldomhnaigh cainteoir ó dhúchas Gaeilge ón Chaisleán Nua in aice le Cluain Meala i gCo. Thiobraid Árann agus Pádraig Ó Muiríosa ar a chéad chuairt ar a cheantar dúchais i dTiobrad Árann ó Mheiriceá agus Gaeilge aige go fóill.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20767796/ 20 Aibreán 2015 - ''Micheál Turraoin ón Rinn''] Micheál Turraoin ón Rinn ag caint le Padraig Tyers sa bhliain 1961 fá spailpíneacht agus eile.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20990722/ 16 Bealtaine 2016 - ''Séamus Ó Maolchatha údar''] Séamus Ó Maolchatha údar an leabhair 'An Gleann is a raibh ann' ag caint le Proinsias Ó Conluain.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/20997080/ 30 Bealtaine 2016 - ''Risteárd B Breathnach''] Risteárd B Breathnach, seaneolaí ar Ghaeilge na nDéise ag caint fán chanúint sin agus mar atá sí ag imeacht de réir a chéile.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21238761/ 24 Meán Fómhair 2017 - ''Uinseann Mac Ruairc agus Na Déise''] Tugann Uinseann Mac Ruairc a léargas féin dúinn ar litríocht agus ar cheol na nDéise. Craoladh 1972.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21277896/ 26 Samhain 2017 - ''Labhrás Ó Cadhla''] Labhrás Ó Cadha ag ceol agus ag caint fá chúpla amhrán do Chiarán Mac Mathúna sa Rinn sa bhliain 1957 ina measc 'Táiliúir a' Chroí Mhóir'; 'Sliabh Geal gCua' agus 'Caoineadh Dhiarmuid Stokes'.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21472711/ 02 Nollaig 2018 - ''An Rinn 1972''] Pádraig Tyers ag caint le muintir na Rinne sna Déise, Port Láirge, sa bhliain 1972 fá chúrsaí maireachtála agus neart eile.
* [https://www.rte.ie/radio/rnag/clips/21635903/ 13 Deireadh Fómhair 2019] Labhrann Alan Titley le hIan Lee fána rogha féin de mhíreanna as an tsraith seo. Frank O Connor, Peadar O Donnell, Sarah & Rita Keane, Nioclás Tóibín (agallamh amháin), Piaras Béaslaí, samplaí de Ghaeilge Dheisceart Thiobraid Árann agus Cho. Thír Eoghain, Mick O Connell agus mír as Fadhbanna Gaeilge le Tomás de Bhaldraithe sa chathaoir.
== WLR ==
=== Muintir na nDéise ===
[https://www.wlrfm.com/lifestyle/muintir-na-ndc3a9ise-a-new-all-irish-weekly-series-on-wlr-131053 Muintir na nDéise] - a series of interviews from Gaeltacht na nDéise, conducted in 2018:
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/programme-1-pauline-ni-craith 7th June 2020 - ''Programme 1: Pauline Nic Craith''] Pauline Nic Craith, a native of An Rinn, who qualified as a nurse in the late 1940s and worked in Belfast during the troubles in the 1970s.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/programme-2-tomas-o-cellechair 14th June 2020 - ''Programme 2: Tomás Ó Céilleachar''] Tomás Ó Céilleachar was born in 1935 in Caherboshina in Corca Dhuibhne. He remembers moving to Ring in the late 1950s to take up a job teaching in Coláiste na Rinne and his years as publican of Tigh an Cheoil in the Ring village of Baile na nGall.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/program-3-siobhan-de-foirte-110620 21st June 2020 - ''Programme 3: Siobhán de Faoite''] Siobhán de Faoite, who was born in Old Parish before the end of World War 2, describes her life as a farmer’s daughter. She also speaks about her education, her married life and her membership of the Irish Countrywomen’s Association, a vital organization for women in rural Ireland in the 1970s.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/paidrig-seamus-program-4 28th June 2020 - ''Programme 4: Pádraig Seosamh Ó Mathúna''] Pádraig Seosamh Ó Mathúna, a farmer and an amateur actor, who was born in 1927, remembers his parents, going to mass in a pony and trap and later going to the mart in Dungarvan with his father.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/programme-5-caith-ni-craith 5th July 2020 - ''Programme 5: Cait Mhic Craith''] Cait Mhic Craith, a native of Clashmore in Co Waterford, remembers arriving in Ring in 1961 to take up her new job as junior house matron at Coláiste na Rinne.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/programme-6-nicolas-o-griofain 12th July 2020 - ''Programme 6: Nioclás Ó Gríofáin''] Nioclás Ó Gríofáin, a local historian and a native of Ring, was born in February, 1936. He remembers his school days, the prayers they had, the games they used to play and the way the community would gather to listen to the radio on the Sunday of a big match.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/mnd-prog7 19th July 2020 - ''Programme 7: Máiréad Uí Mhuirithe''] Mairéad Uí Mhuirithe, who grew up in the Ring Gaeltacht, also remembers her parents, her teachers, her childhood and her late husband, Patsy Murray.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/mnd-prog8 26th July 2020 - ''Programme 8: Tomás Ó Curraoin''] Tomás Ó Curraoin, who was born in 1941, became an electrician and worked for many years in Waterford city. He remembers life as a boy when he worked on the farm milking cows before and after school.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/mnd-prog9 2nd August 2020 - ''Programme 9: Nóirín Uí Chionaola''] Nóirín Uí Chionaola, another interviewee, was born in 1928. The eldest in her family, she grew up in Ballingarry in Co Limerick and remembers the thrill of the arrival of her baby sister. She also talks about her life married to Domhnall Ó Cionaola and their life together. Now in her nineties, Nóirín remembers her first visits to Baile na nGall in An Rinn in the 1950s where she heard singing in the pub there, including singers such as her husband and the late Nioclás Tóibín.
* [https://www.spreaker.com/user/wlrfm/mnd-prog10 9th August 2020 - ''Programme 10: Mícheál Seosamh de Paor''] Mícheál Seosamh de Paor, who passed away on 8 March 2020, remembers his mother and father and his youth growing up in Old Parish as well as his life as a father and a husband. And he talks about the heartbreak he felt on the tragic and untimely death of his late wife Mairéad.
== Song ==
* [https://open.spotify.com/album/5iXz2Nh9UmtOnL9TmTHcDe?si=4R5uZ6icTOm7kvBVddTxwg Labhras Ó Cadhla - ''Amhráin ó Shliabh gCua'']
* [https://open.spotify.com/album/6mO1TsSUWnJJlzfSmxTG6Q?si=LRzraBu5SUu9laYK0t95HA Nioclás Tóibín - ''Amhráin Aneas'']
= Bibliography =
* Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". ''Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies''. '''IX''' (IV). The National University of Ireland.
* Breatnach, R. B. (1984). ''Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945)''. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* de Bhial, T. (1985). ''A Cabhsa: 2,000 abairtí samplacha Gaeilge''. An Gúm.
* Ó Cionnfhaolaidh, M. (1956). ''Beatha Mhichíl Turraoin: Maille le Sceulta agus Seanachas''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Cuirrín, S. (1936). "Beirt Dhéiseach". ''Beirt Dhéiseach mar atá: Sceul nua-cheaptha, agus Trí Sceulta arna dtiontódh ó theangthacha eile''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Cuív, B. (1993). ''Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts: Three Lectures'' (1993 reprint). School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Ó Fiannusa, P. (2008). ''Ghaibh a Leithéid an tSlí Tráth'' (second edition). Cló Chois Móire.
* Ó hAirt, D. (1988). ''Díolaim Dhéiseach''. Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Baile Athá Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (unpublished). ''An Gleann is a Raibh Ann'' (one of two original manuscripts).
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1938). "Eachtra Shéimín Paor". ''As na Ceithre hÁirdibh: cnuasach gearr-scéal''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1953). ''Dualgas Pheadair Bhig''. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). ''An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann'' (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
* O'Rahilly, T. F. (1988). ''Irish Dialects Past and Present: with Chapters on Scottish and Manx'' (1988 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). ''Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language'' (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Tóibín, N. (1979). ''Duanaire Déiseach'' (second edition). Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath.
* Wagner, H. (1981). ''Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps'' (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Wagner, H. (1982). ''Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster'' (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
* Ward, A. (1974). ''The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish''. University of Dublin.


= References =
= References =
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[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:Irish]]
[[Category:Déise Irish]]

Latest revision as of 21:10, 9 January 2024

The main page for describing the Déise dialect of Irish

Morphosyntax

Verbs

Analytic and Synthetic Forms

South Tipperary

In the variety of Déise Irish that was spoken in South Tipperary, the following conjugations of the verb bí along with the most typical analytic and synthetic forms are given: [note 1]

Conjugation of bí in South Tipperary
Stem Form 1st Sg. 2nd Sg. 3rd Masc. Sg. 3rd Fem. Sg. 1st Pl. 2nd Pl. 3rd Pl. Conjugation Category
thá thá me thá tu [note 2] thá sé thá sí tháimíd thá sibh thá siad indicative present independent affirmative
nín nín me [note 3] nín tu nín sé nín sí nínimíd [note 4] nín sibh nín siad indicative present independent negative
fuil fuil me fuil tu fuil sé fuil sí fuilimíd fuil sibh fuil siad indicative present dependent
bhí bhí me bhí tu bhí sé bhí sí bhíomar [note 5] bhíobhair bhíodar indicative past independent
raibh raibh me raibh tu raibh sé raibh sí raibheamar [note 5] raibheabhair raibheadar indicative past dependent
beidh beidh me beidh tu beidh sé beidh sí beimíd beidh sibh beidh siad indicative future
bíonn bím bíonn tu bíonn sé bíonn sí bímíd bíonn sibh bíonn siad indicative present habitual
bhíodh bhínn bhítheá bhíodh sé bhíodh sí bhímíst bhíodh sibh bhídís indicative past habitual
bheadh bheinn bheitheá bheadh sé bheadh sí bheimíst bheadh sibh bheidís conditional

Note: as is typical throughout Déise Irish, the interrogatives an bhfuil? and cá bhfuil? are pronounced as buil? (dropping the an particle) and cail? (merging cá and bhfuil, and shortening the vowel) respectively; otherwise, the pronunciation of bhfuil is generally as expected.

Prepositions

Prepositional Pronouns

Prepositions and their prepositional pronouns
Preposition 1st Sg. 2nd Sg. 3rd Masc. Sg. 3rd Fem. Sg. 1st Pl. 2nd Pl. 3rd Pl.
aige [note 6] [note 7] agam agat aige aici againn agaibh acu
ar [note 8] [note 9] orm [note 10] ort air uirthi or uirthí eirinn [note 11] or orthainn or orainn oraibh [note 12] ora [note 13] or ortha
as asam asat as aiste asainn asaibh asta
chún chúm chút chuige chúithe chúinn chúibh chútha
de or dhe [note 14] díom or dhíom díot or dhíot de or dhe di or dhi dínn or dhínn díbh or dhíbh díobh or dhíobh
do or dho [note 14] dom or dhom [note 15] doit or dhoit do or dho [note 16] di or dhi [note 17] dúinn or dhúinn díbh or dhíbh dóibh or dhóibh
fé fúm fút fé or féig or féighe fúithi fúinn [note 18] fúibh [note 18] fútha
i [note 19] ionam [note 20] ionat [note 21] ann [note 22] inti ionainn [note 23] ionaibh [note 24] iontu or annta
idir [note 25] [note 26] - - - - eadarainn eadaraibh eatarra
le or lé liom leat leis léithe or léi linn libh leotha or leo
ó bhuam or bhuaim or uam or uaim bhuait or uait bhuaidh or uaidh bhuaithe or uaithe bhuainn or uainn bhuaibh or uaibh bhuatha or uatha
roimh (roi) or roimhigh (roig) or roimhe romham (rúm) romhat (rút) roimhigh (roig) or roimhe rúimpe or roimpe romhainn (rúinn) romhaibh (rúibh) rúmpa or rompa
thar or thear thorm or thearm thorat or thearat theiris or thairis or theairis or thiris thóirste or thóiste thorainn or thearainn or theirinn or thirinn thoraibh or thearaibh thórsta or thósta
trí tríom tríot tríd tríthe trínn tríbh tríotha
um [note 27] iomam or umam iomat or umat imigh or uimigh ímpe or oimpe iomainn or umainn iomaibh or umaibh iompa or umpa


Initial Mutations

Initial Mutations of Nouns

Following Simple Prepositions [note 28]

Without the Article
Lenition

The following simple prepositions cause lenition: [note 29]

  • ar
  • de
  • do
  • fé
  • idir
  • mar
  • ó
  • thear [note 30]
  • trí
  • um
Eclipsis

The following simple prepositions cause eclipsis:

h-Prothesis

The following simple prepositions cause h-prothesis:

No Mutation

The following simple prepositions cause no mutation:

  • aige
  • as [note 33]
  • go dtí, dtí
  • roimh, roimhig
With the Singular Article [7]

Non-verbal nouns are affected by one of two forms of mutation, lenition or eclipsis, or no mutation, following a combination of a simple preposition and the singular article.

Simple Preposition and Article Combinations

The following simple prepositions with singular articles are found in Déise Irish:

  • aige ‘n,
  • ar an,
  • as an,
  • de ‘n,
  • do ‘n,
  • fé ‘n,
  • ó ‘n,
  • roimh ‘n,
  • (go) dtí ‘n,
  • leis an,
  • thear an,
  • tríd an,
  • and ins an.
Lenition

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by lenition:

  • b to bh,
  • p to ph,
  • g to gh,
  • c to ch,
  • and s to ts. [note 34]
Eclipsis

Under this context, the following consonants are affected by eclipsis:

  • b to mb,
  • p to bp,
  • g to ng,
  • c to gc,
  • and f to bhf.
No Mutation

Under this context, the following consonants which can appear as unmutated initials in nouns[note 35] are not affected by mutation:

  • d,
  • t,
  • m,
  • n,
  • l,
  • r
  • or h.
Contributing Factors

The following factors contribute towards determining the type of mutation used on the initial of the noun:

  • The form of the preposition when used with the article,[note 36] whether it ends in a vowel or a consonant.
  • The initial consonant of the noun:
General Rules
  1. b, g and f undergo eclipsis following all preposition and article combinations.
  2. s, only in the case of feminine nouns[note 34], undergoes lenition following all preposition and article combinations. It does not mutate if the noun is masculine.
  3. p and c undergo lenition following ins a’ (or sa).
  4. p and c undergo eclipsis following all other preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a consonant.
  5. p and c undergo lenition following all preposition and article combinations where the prepositional form ends in a vowel.
Initial mutations caused by preposition + singular article
Noun Initial
b g f p c s [note 34]
aige ‘n E E E L L L
de ‘n E E E L L L
do ‘n E E E L L L
fé ‘n E E E L L L
ó ‘n E E E L L L
roimh ‘n E E E L L L
dtí ‘n E E E L L L
ar a’ E E E E E L
as a’ E E E E E L
leis a’ E E E E E L
thear a’ E E E E E L
tríd a’ E E E E E L
ins a’ E E E L L L
Deviations to the Rules
  • Contrary to rule #1, a speaker in South Tipperary had a tendency to lenite initial b and g, but his usage of lenition in this context was inconsistent and he regularly used eclipsis instead.
  • Contrary to rule #3, ins an (or sa) had a greater tendency to cause eclipses on initial p and c in South Tipperary, but lenition among the speakers from this area was also noted. Eclipsis has also been noted among speakers from Waterford, but this isn’t typical and might only occur with certain words and as an alternating pronunciation.
  • Contrary to rule #5, p has a tendency to not undergo lenition, but this can be a case of alternating pronunciations as recorded among native Déise Irish speakers.

Notes

  1. ↑ Ó Maolchathaigh specifically details the paradigms for the forms bhí, thá, beidh, bheadh and bhíodh (alongside a paradigm for bhuail which functions exactly the same as the paradigm for bhí).[1] The remaining paradigms are retrieved elsewhere[2] or presumed by analogy.
  2. ↑ Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives thár as a form in conas tathár?.[2] Ó Maolchathaigh gives táir as a form in conas táir?.[3]
  3. ↑ Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives nínim.[2]
  4. ↑ Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna gives nínmíd.[2]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 While Ó Maolchathaigh had -amar endings, Míchéal Ó Maoldhamhna had -amair endings.[4]
  6. ↑ The form age is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form aige, but spelled this way (by some people) to distinguish between the two in writing. Though often others will just use the more standard form ag in writing.
  7. ↑ aige can reduce to aig’, ‘ge or ‘g’; aige is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a consonant; aig’ is used when the preceding word ends with a consonant and the following word begins with a vowel; ‘ge is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a consonant; ‘g’ is used when the preceding word ends with a vowel (or in initial position) and the following word begins with a vowel. aige and its pronominal forms have the stress on the second syllable and all are prone to dropping the initial vowel in initial position or when preceded by a word ending in a vowel, e.g. ‘gam, ‘gat, ‘ge, ‘ci, ‘gainn, ‘gaibh and ‘cu.
  8. ↑ The form ar is actually the same as the 3rd person masculine singular form air, but spelled this way to distinguish between the two in writing.
  9. ↑ Unlike aige, the stress can vary between the first or second syllable among the pronominal forms, often dropping the initial vowel, as in the 1st person singular rom, and when the initial vowel in the monosyllabic forms can be elided by a preceding vowel, as in the 2nd person singular ‘rt.
  10. ↑ Sometimes reduced to rom.
  11. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘rinn.
  12. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘ribh.
  13. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘ra.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Other than the pronominal forms (except for the 2nd person plural), de and do are indistinguishable. ‘ge, the reduced form of aige, is sometimes used by some speakers due to analogous delenition of dhe or dho.
  15. ↑ Emphatic form dúmhsa or dhúmhsa.
  16. ↑ Emphatic form dósan or dhósan.
  17. ↑ Emphatic form dísin or dhísin.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sheehan gives nothing for the 1st and 2nd person plural pronominal forms of fé.[5]
  19. ↑ In the pronominal forms, the initial syllable is often unstressed and can by elided by preceding vowels..
  20. ↑ Often reduced to ‘num. The general emphatic form is numsa.
  21. ↑ The general emphatic form is nutsa.
  22. ↑ The general emphatic form is on.
  23. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘nainn.
  24. ↑ Sometimes reduced to ‘naibh.
  25. ↑ Often reduced to ‘dir.
  26. ↑ idir has no conjugated forms for the singular persons.
  27. ↑ The quality of the initial vowel in the prepositional pronouns depends on the quality of a preceding consonant.
  28. ↑ Simple prepositions can take either the nominative or dative form of the following noun, the latter being more traditional in Munster grammar.
  29. ↑ f generally avoids being lenited.
  30. ↑ thear does not cause lenition when used to denote the physical passing of an object or place.
  31. ↑ Eclipsis of nouns beginning with b have both the m and the b pronounced, e.g. i mBéarla.
  32. ↑ le causes no mutation in South Tipperary.[6]
  33. ↑ as causes lenition in South Tipperary.[6]
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Only affects feminine nouns with initial s; masculine nouns are not mutated.
  35. ↑ Not considering cases where word borrowings that use other letters, but these are generally not mutated anyway.
  36. ↑ For example, the preposition le becomes leis when combined with the article.

Recordings

RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta

Adhmhaidin

An Saol Ó Dheas

Cartlann Bhóthar na Léinsí

Cormac ag a Cúig

Ríleanna agus Téipeanna

  • 01 Feabhra 2009 Ian Lee le píosaí cainte ón Rinn - Risteard Turraoin ó 1972 le Pádraig Tyers; Radio Pobail na Rinne 1978 - Nioclás MacCraith, Máire Nic Craith, Séamus MacCraith, Séamus Ó Faoláin (Séamusiín an Chnoic) Stás Ní Chrota, Neans Uí Bhraonáin páirteach ann. Cuid den eolas fá ainmneacha faighte ó dhaoine sa Rinn.
  • 08 Feabhra 2009 Seán Tóibín, Micheál Gaeltacht na Rinne ó Chartlann Fuaime RTÉ - Deaglán Ó Muiríosa, Séamus Ó Faoláin ag caint le Pádraig Tyers sna 70adaí; Na Prátaí Dubha á aithris ag Peig Uí Riagáin; Radio Pobail na Rinne ó 1978; Séamus MacCraith agus Liam Coistín agus Máire Nic Craith páirteach ann. Láithriú/Leiriú Ian Lee
  • 15 Feabhra 2009 Seán Tóibín, Micheál Breathnach ón Rinn ag caint le Pádraig Tyers sa bhliain 1974. Laithriú/Leiriú: Ian Lee
  • 22 Feabhra 2009 Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
  • 01 Márta 2009 Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
  • 08 Márta 2009 Ábhar ón Rinn Co Phort Láirge
  • 15 Márta 2009 Seanchas agus scéalta faoi Naomh Pádraig

Siúlach Scéalach

WLR

Muintir na nDéise

Muintir na nDéise - a series of interviews from Gaeltacht na nDéise, conducted in 2018:

  • 7th June 2020 - Programme 1: Pauline Nic Craith Pauline Nic Craith, a native of An Rinn, who qualified as a nurse in the late 1940s and worked in Belfast during the troubles in the 1970s.
  • 14th June 2020 - Programme 2: Tomás Ó Céilleachar Tomás Ó Céilleachar was born in 1935 in Caherboshina in Corca Dhuibhne. He remembers moving to Ring in the late 1950s to take up a job teaching in Coláiste na Rinne and his years as publican of Tigh an Cheoil in the Ring village of Baile na nGall.
  • 21st June 2020 - Programme 3: Siobhán de Faoite Siobhán de Faoite, who was born in Old Parish before the end of World War 2, describes her life as a farmer’s daughter. She also speaks about her education, her married life and her membership of the Irish Countrywomen’s Association, a vital organization for women in rural Ireland in the 1970s.
  • 28th June 2020 - Programme 4: Pádraig Seosamh Ó Mathúna Pádraig Seosamh Ó Mathúna, a farmer and an amateur actor, who was born in 1927, remembers his parents, going to mass in a pony and trap and later going to the mart in Dungarvan with his father.
  • 5th July 2020 - Programme 5: Cait Mhic Craith Cait Mhic Craith, a native of Clashmore in Co Waterford, remembers arriving in Ring in 1961 to take up her new job as junior house matron at Coláiste na Rinne.
  • 12th July 2020 - Programme 6: Nioclás Ó Gríofáin Nioclás Ó Gríofáin, a local historian and a native of Ring, was born in February, 1936. He remembers his school days, the prayers they had, the games they used to play and the way the community would gather to listen to the radio on the Sunday of a big match.
  • 19th July 2020 - Programme 7: Máiréad Uí Mhuirithe Mairéad Uí Mhuirithe, who grew up in the Ring Gaeltacht, also remembers her parents, her teachers, her childhood and her late husband, Patsy Murray.
  • 26th July 2020 - Programme 8: Tomás Ó Curraoin Tomás Ó Curraoin, who was born in 1941, became an electrician and worked for many years in Waterford city. He remembers life as a boy when he worked on the farm milking cows before and after school.
  • 2nd August 2020 - Programme 9: Nóirín Uí Chionaola Nóirín Uí Chionaola, another interviewee, was born in 1928. The eldest in her family, she grew up in Ballingarry in Co Limerick and remembers the thrill of the arrival of her baby sister. She also talks about her life married to Domhnall Ó Cionaola and their life together. Now in her nineties, Nóirín remembers her first visits to Baile na nGall in An Rinn in the 1950s where she heard singing in the pub there, including singers such as her husband and the late Nioclás Tóibín.
  • 9th August 2020 - Programme 10: Mícheál Seosamh de Paor Mícheál Seosamh de Paor, who passed away on 8 March 2020, remembers his mother and father and his youth growing up in Old Parish as well as his life as a father and a husband. And he talks about the heartbreak he felt on the tragic and untimely death of his late wife Mairéad.

Song

Bibliography

  • Breatnach, R. B. (1961). "Initial Mutation of Substantives after Preposition + Singular Article in Déise Irish". Éigse: A Journal of Irish Studies. IX (IV). The National University of Ireland.
  • Breatnach, R. B. (1984). Seana-Chaint na nDéise II: Studies in the Vocabulary and Idiom of Déise Irish based mainly on material collected by Archbishop Michael Sheehan (1870-1945). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • de Bhial, T. (1985). A Cabhsa: 2,000 abairtí samplacha Gaeilge. An Gúm.
  • Ó Cionnfhaolaidh, M. (1956). Beatha Mhichíl Turraoin: Maille le Sceulta agus Seanachas. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
  • Ó Cuirrín, S. (1936). "Beirt Dhéiseach". Beirt Dhéiseach mar atá: Sceul nua-cheaptha, agus Trí Sceulta arna dtiontódh ó theangthacha eile. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
  • Ó Cuív, B. (1993). Irish Dialects and Irish-Speaking Districts: Three Lectures (1993 reprint). School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Ó Fiannusa, P. (2008). Ghaibh a Leithéid an tSlí Tráth (second edition). Cló Chois Móire.
  • Ó hAirt, D. (1988). Díolaim Dhéiseach. Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, Baile Athá Cliath.
  • Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (unpublished). An Gleann is a Raibh Ann (one of two original manuscripts).
  • Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1938). "Eachtra Shéimín Paor". As na Ceithre hÁirdibh: cnuasach gearr-scéal. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
  • Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1953). Dualgas Pheadair Bhig. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath.
  • Ó Maolchathaigh, S. (1974). An Gleann agus a Raibh Ann (1974 edition). An Clóchomhar Tta. Dundalgen Press.
  • O'Rahilly, T. F. (1988). Irish Dialects Past and Present: with Chapters on Scottish and Manx (1988 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Sheehan, Most Rev. M. (1944). Sean-Chaint na nDéise: the Idiom of Living Language (second edition). The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Tóibín, N. (1979). Duanaire Déiseach (second edition). Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath.
  • Wagner, H. (1981). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. I. Introduction, 300 maps (1981 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Wagner, H. (1982). Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects: Vol. II. The Dialects of Munster (1982 edition). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
  • Ward, A. (1974). The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish. University of Dublin.

References

  1. ↑ Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 320
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Wagner 1982, p. 44
  3. ↑ Ó Maolchathaigh unpublished, p. 123
  4. ↑ Wagner 1982, p. 38
  5. ↑ Sheehan 1944, p. 24
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ó Maolchathaigh 1974, p. 228
  7. ↑ Breatnach 1961, pp. 217-222.
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